COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

MINI-PROPOSAL ON A HISTORY OF KUTTAYE OROMO OF WEST

SHAWA, 1880S-1991

A Paper Submitted To:

KETEBO ABDIYO ENSENE (PHD): DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY.

FOR THE COURSE: ADVANCED HISTORICAL METHODS AND

WRITING(HIST. 502)

By:

JAMARA KALBESSA (RM3013/12)

Jimma University

August, 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PART ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM……………………………………………………………3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………….………....4
GENERAL OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………….............4
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………….…...4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………4
SCOPE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………………5
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………….....5

PART TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………..…………………………………………….6

PART THREE

METHODS OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………………….11

DATA GATHERING METHODS……………………………………………………..………11
DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………….……………………….. ….,…11

PART FOUR

TIME AND BUDGET ALLOCATION OF THE STUDY……………………………………12

TENTATIVE TIME ALLOCATION OF THE STUDY………………………………………12
BUDGET ALLOCATION OF THE STUDY……………………………………….…………13
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………….14
 PART ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Ethiopia consists of a number of nations and nationalities or ethnic groups with different
backgrounds and ways of life. Among, the Oromo people are the largest ethnic group in
Ethiopia and account for 50-60% of the population of the Ethiopian Empire (Tilahun, 1992). The
Oromo people primarily reside over a vast area of Ethiopia predominantly in Wollega, Iluu
Abbaa Booraa, Jimma, Shawa, Arsi, Baalee, Hararge, Wallo and Borana. The Oromo have vast
and very rich culture fostered by the size of the population and large land areas. In Oromo
community there are different cultural objects which are different from place to place.
Therefore, this study deals with cultural objects that have communicative values in Iluu Abbaa
Booraa Oromo Society. The western part of Oromia which includes, Jimma, Wollega and Iluu
Abbaa Booraa is occupied by the Macha Oromo clan. Of the various tribes in Macha clans,
Tummee had settled in Iluu Abbaa Booraa area.

The purpose of this study is to reconstruct a history of Bilo Nopa from its foundation to
2010.Themajor theme of the study is to reconstruct the political, social, economic and cultural
history of the Bilo Nopa district.

Some authors wrote the history of Iluaborexpececially the Gore and Matu very well. However,
most history of a historyofBiloNopaoverlooked.. Some of the written materials about thisdistrict
were found in disjointed ways in different areas. Because of this, there is a large gap in their
history. Thus, this opening is to be filled by the researcher by collecting various primary sources
and oral traditions. The objectivity will be ensured by thoroughly cross checking among
themselves and with some other existed sources.

Kuttaye covers mainly the current districts of Ambo and Tokke Kuttaye inWest Shewa, where
the Kuttaye Oromo dominantly inhabited. It was also extended to the areas as far as Gindabarat
in west Shawa (Kebede 2011:11) and Gojjam (Alemayehu, Boshi, Daniel and others 2006:171).
Thus, the present districts of Dandi and Jaldu were settled by them (Fana 2014:39). Here, the
main focus will be on the Kuttaye of Tokke Kuttaye,Ambo and Dandi districts.

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Tokke Kuttaye districtis one of the West Shewa districts separated from Ambo district (Tesfaye:
325) in 2006. Guder, the administrative center of the district is found at 12Km West of Ambo
town. It is bounded by districts such as Dirre Inchinni in Southwest, Jibat in West, Midakegni in
North, Ambo in East and Amayya in South (Damoze 2014:40). Ambo district is also one of the
West Shewa districts. Ambo town is both the capital of Ambo district and West Shewa Zone.
The district is bounded in North by Jeldu, Gindabarat and Ilfata; in South by Wonchi; in West by
T/Kuttaye and in East by Dandi districts (Zelalem 2015:4). Dendi is another district in West
Shewa. Its capital, Ghinchi is located 77 km west of Finfinne on the road to Naqamte and 30 km
from Ambo. It has 5 urban/semi-urban gandas, out of which Ghinchiand Welenkomi (Olankomi)
have municipal status (Mulugeta 2012:27).

According to oral traditions and written sources, North East Africa including Ethiopia had been
inhabited by the Oromo and other Cushitic people since ancient time (Alemayehu, Boshi, Daniel
and others 2006:7). From 1500 to 2000 years ago, the proto-central Ethio-Semitic settlement
pushed out probably the Eastern Cushites (Alemayehu, Boshi, Daniel and others 2006:5).

The Oromo movement of 16th C was one of the movements took place in Ethiopia (Tesema 2002:
39). Sources support the movement of Oromo to South before 16 thC and the presence of their
remnants. So, the 16th C Oromo movement was from South to North to answer different
questions of the time (Tesema 2002: 50).

Both Macha and Tulama Tribes had pushed by the Christian-Muslim conflicts. But, they revived
the Gada System at Madda Walabu and by 16thC; they moved (Alemayehu, Boshi, Daniel and
others 2006:163) from Haroo Walaabuu and formed achaffe called Oda Nabi, in Dukam. During
their movement; they got the advantages of the wars of Ahmed Gragn (Mohammed 1990:18), the
process of adaptation, their determination and surprise attack (Alemayehu, Boshi, Daniel and
others 2006: 51-54).
The Macha tribe moved from oda Nabi by forming the Afre confederacyduring the RobaleGada
(1570-1578) following by the Sadachathat formed during the period of the Birmaji Gada (1578-
1586) and crossedthe Gudar River into Damot during the same Gadas respectively. They joined
each other and formednew common chaffe known as Oda Bisil (or Tute Bisil) that located
between theGedo, Billo, and Gibe rivers (Mohammed 1990:42). However, the Macha tribes
moved from Bisil to South and westwards pushing by various factors. But, Liban, the eldest son

1
of Macha, remained there and began to live in west, and south west Shawa (Kebede 2011:10) .
Initially, Liban settled in present day of Jibat and Dirre Inchinni districts. Then, the
three sons of Liban; Ammayya, Waliso and Kuttaye, from eldest to youngest,
respectively, given their present areas (Fana 2014:31-33).

By the 17th C, the Macha wealthy men became hereditary and absolute leaders. They were allied
with the enemy of their war leaders. For instance Abeko was the wealthiest man of Liban, made
peace with Iyasu against Abba Gada Dilamo who died in a war (Mohammed 1990:61).Gada
system declined because of internal factors such as class and state formation and external factors
like colonialism in 19th C. Ethiopian settlement and institutions smoothed the destruction of the
Oromo culture (Asefa 2005:26-27). The moti system existed and in the first half of the 19 th C;
Abba lafa (hereditary land lord), the moti (king), Abba qorro (governor), trade chiefs,etc
emerged (Asefa 2005:36) .

During 1960s-1970s, the Oromo nationalism rose because; the 1960s period was the decade of
decolonization in Africa. Between 1963 and 1964, Macha-Tulama Self-Help Association formed
by merging small self help Associations such as the Metta-Robbi, Jibat-Macha, and Tulama
Shawa and others followed their footsteps having different developmental goals among the
marginalized Oromo nation (Asefa 2005:178-179).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Although many history of Macha Oromo were written by different writers, most history of the
Bilo Nopa Oromo was neglected. Some existed written materials were found in fragmented ways
and were the over view of some aspects of the history of this Oromo tribe. Therefore, a large gap
attempted to be filled by this proposed thesis. This will be done by collecting oral traditions and
carefully cross-checking their objectivity with existing written materials. So, the following
questions are attempted to be answered and fill the gap.

 How the Eastern Macha (Liban) separated from other Oromo groups and settled in their
present areas?
 Who were the pre-16th C inhabitants of present settlement areas of Kuttaye Oromo and
how they had reacted to them?

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  What were the socio-political organizations and the religious institutions of Kuttaye
Oromo?
 Why were Gada system and Qallu institution declined among them?
 In which way Kuttayewere reactedto the expansion of Menelik?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

General Objective

The general objective of the study is to understand and reconstruct the social, political, cultural
and economic history of the Kuttaye Oromo from 1880s to 1991 by thoroughly analyzing of
several sources.

Specific Objectives

The proposed study is aimed at;

 Analyze their movements and settlements to their present areas, in present West Shawa
zone.
 Identify the pre-16th C inhabitants on the present areas of West Shawa and their relations
with the Kuttaye.
 Discuss the organizations and institutions of Kuttaye Oromo.
 Investigate the factors for the decline of Gadaa system and Waaqeffannaa among
Kuttaye.
 Examine the nature of the resistance of Kuttaye to Menelik expansion.
 Analyze how Kuttaye reacted to the Italian occupation of the area.
 Compare and contrast the feeling of Kuttaye under different regimes and their efforts to
overcome repressive and oppressive governments of Ethiopia.

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  Explain the impacts of Northern institutions on the politics, culture and economy of this
Oromo tribe.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This proposal is prepared to undertake the study with a belief that it develops a clear
understanding on the socio-cultural, political and economic history of Kuttaye Oromo.
Therefore, the study will be helpful for researchers and individuals who seek to specialize with
the topic related and to carry out further studies on the history of Kuttaye.It will also enable the
Oromo in general and the Kuttaye Oromo in particular to know their history. So that they could
learn from both the weak and strong side of their predecessors. This could help them to revive
and recover their culture, economy and politics. Thus, it is useful to restore their identity. In
addition to these, the research could be contributes for further development of the Oromo
historiography.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study can be expressed in spatial, temporal and conceptual aspects. Spatially,
Kuttaye Oromo is one of the Eastern most extreme of Macha Oromo that settled in present West
Shawa administrative zone of Oromia regional state, predominantly inhabiting in districts like
T/Kuttaye, Ambo and Dandi. The time of the study covers the period from CA 1880s to 1991.
The study will access political, socio-cultural and economic history of this Oromo tribe.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In carrying out the research, the researcher may face constraints such as financial inadequacy and
lack of inaccessibility to documents like archival materials. However, the researcher will try to
solve these constraints using budget properly and by systematic approaching to the concerned
body at the places of archival centers as well as by using oral information from knowledgeable
elders.

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PART TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Despite of the presence of many written materials on the history of Macha Oromo, the history of
Kuttaye Tribe could not be reconstructed. Partly, this was the reason why the researcher
proposed to reconstruct the history of this Tribe by using oral traditions and unpublished
materials. So, it is important to use the following written materials as starting point for the study.

Among others; the book of Alemayehu Haile, Boshi Gonfa, Daniel Deressa and others, entitled
the History of the Oromo to the 16th Century, has very important information. It encompasses the
movement of the Oromo before and after sixteenth century. It tells us how the Macha and
Tulama tribes displaced by the Christian-Muslim conflicts of pre 16 th Century. By reviving the
Gada system, they moved from Madda Walabu and established new Chaffe at Oda Nabe. Then,
the Macha separated from Tulama and moved to Southwestern direction. They founded a center
at Oda Bisil in Western Shewa. The book also informs us much about the laws of Makko Bili.

According to him, Macha moved under confederacies of Afre (four) who took South and South
West directions and occupied present areas of Ilu Abba Bora, Wallaga, Wambara, and Gojjam
while the Sadacha(Three) moved into Southern and South Eastern and inhabited areas of the
Gibe valley. The book also informs us that the tribe of Liban, the eldest of Macha,which includes
Amaya, Waliso and Kuttaye remained back in Western and South Western Shewa. Thus, the
book is very helpful for the proposed study.

Another important material for this study is the book of Tesema Ta’a entitled, Seenaa Hundee
Ummata Oromoo,“Root of the Oromo History.” Tesema analyzed different issues such as the
origin of the Oromo, their population movements before and during 16 th Century and their
settlements from different perspectives. He points out the significance of Gada system in the
success of movement of the Oromo through both peaceful adaptations of Moggaasaa and
guddifachaa as well as wars.

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Mohammed Hassen, in his book with the title of the Oromo of Ethiopia, informs us many
valuable issues. He raises issues of the origin and movements of the Oromo in general and
Macha-Tulama in particular focusing on the expansion and settlements of Macha Oromo tribes
in South-western Ethiopia. For instance, he writes how Macha-Tulama tribes moved from Haro
Walaabuu to Dukam and founded a chaffe at Oda Nabe, 30 kms East of Addis Ababa. He also
added that the Macha moved to south-West crossing Gudar and Mugar Rivers and formed new
Chafe in present West Shewa at Oda Bisil/Tute Bisil. He expresses the causes for the success of
the Oromo such as wars between Christian and Muslims and Oromization. He points out the
conflicts among the Oromo’s and rebellions from gabbaro. He added how the Macha wealthy
individuals became hereditary and absolute leaders.

Herbert S. Lewis in a book chapter entitled; Neighbors, Friends, and Kinsmen: Principles of
Social Organization Among the Cushitic-Speaking Peoples of Ethiopia : Ethnology, expresses
about different social organizations and co-operations as well as the role of neighbors, friends
and kin in the Ethiopian Cushitic’s in general and that of Macha and Ambo in particular. It
briefly put the way of conflict resolution among Ambo.

Another important material is the book of Asefa Jaleta entitled, Oromia and Ethiopia: State
Formation and Ethno-national conflict, 1868-2004. Asefa discusses issues such as the Oromo
democracy and the adaptation process of Moggasa and Guddifacha, Butta wars, Siiqqee
institution and religion of the Oromo. He also raised their conversion to Islam and Christianity.

Asefa explained the decline of Gada system because of the process of class and state formation,
colonialism and the emergence of Moti system. He also analyzed the conquest of Oromia,
resistance to the invaders, formation of settlements and garrison towns and the exploitation of
neftegna gebbar system on the Oromo people.

In addition to this, Asefa assures that the Oromo people enjoyed favorable situation during the
Italian period. The villagization, nationalization and resettlement programs of the Dergue regime
were discussed by the author. He approves rising of the Oromo nationalism during 1960s-1970s,
when the Self-Help Association of Macha-Tulama established.

Dejene Gemechu in his dissertation, Conflict and Conflict Resolution among Waliso Oromo of
Eastern Macha: The Case of the Guma, tells us useful information about the movement of

1
Macha. According to him; presently, Macha located between Abbay River in North, Gojeb River
in South, the Dabus and Walwal in West and approximately the rural road from Ginchi town to
Tullu-Bollo across Busa in East. Liban tribe inhabited the extreme East of the Macha land.

He also added that the autonomy of the Liban Oromo was lost by the conquest of Menelik II in
the last quarter of 19th C. Some of the war leaders appointed as balabbats while who resisted him
taken off both their authority and land. He rises about the Gada system, Waqa, Qallu,
mechanisms of conflict resolution and Guma among the Eastern Macha(Liban).

Tsegaye Zeleke in his MA Thesis with the title,The Oromo of Salaalee:A History(c.1840-1936),
discusses the expansion of Abyssinian kings, especially Menelik to the Shawa Oromo and
describes the resistances against them by Oromo leaders like Tufa Muna and others. He explains
the role of Gobana Dache in the incorporation of the Oromo. It is useful for my MA Thesis.

Another important book for the study is the work of Dirribe Demissie entitled, Oromo Wisdom in
Black Civilization. He gives us detail information about the movement of the Oromo people into
different directions and the things that facilitated the movement. His book also includes deep
knowledge of the laws of Makkoo Bilii.

Damissie confirmed that Menelik inherited from his forefathers; breaking down the military
defense of the Oromo and tearing down Oromummaa. He added the formation of Macha-Tulama
Association to solve economic, social, cultural and political problems of the Oromo nation.

Workineh Shiferraw Oliqa, in his MA Thesis with the title of A History of Leeqa-Qellam CA.
1840s-1941, discusses that the origin of the Oromo was in North East Africa who moved from
North to South before 16th C and their 16th C movement was from South to North. He also
approved the presence of Orom-durii in different parts of present Oromia. He discusses the
patterns of the movement and the factors for the success. Issues like gada system, religion and
socio-economy of the Oromo in general and Macha in particular were also discussed.

John Markakis in his book, Ethiopia: Anatomy of a Traditional Polity, gives us good information
about the factors that encouraged Menelik to expand to Oromia. For instance, the tradition of
territorial claim of Oromo lands as the domain of the Solomonic throne, the resourceful Oromo
lands and the arrival European powers in the horn of Africa were some of them.

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Bulotovich in his book entitled, Keatse Menelik Serawit Gar (‘With Soldiers of King Menelik’)
tells us good information about the character of the Shewa Oromo of the Awash River area.
According to him, they were brave and popular in horse riding who stronglyresisted the Habasha
forces around 1870. But, later on, they ambushed by them. He assured that the mystery of
controlling them was Gobana. Thus, this book is helpful in the study of history of the area.

The book of Bahru Zawde entitled, History of Modern Ethiopia: 18855-1991, provides
invaluable information. According to him, Menelik continued and concluded the process of
expansion started by his predecessors. Moreover, Menelik’s expansion was motivated by the
need to control the lucrative long distance trade and south western area.

Bahru also discusses about gabbar system and its effects. Thus, he expresses types of gebber
and the provisions to different officials. Land measurement which was severe in shawa and its
surrounding was also explained. He tells us that the forcefully incorporated areas were made to
be ruled by generals who incorporated them. In this way Jibat and Mecha in Western Shewa, in
which Kuttaye tribe dominantly inhabited was given to Fitwarari Habte-Giyorgis.

Abook written by Alemayehu Haile, entitledSeenaa Oromoo Hanga Jaarraa 20ffaa, “History of
the Oromo to Sixteenth Century, is another very important material. He analyzed different
written materials regarding to the origin of the Oromo and their authors. According to him,
before 16thC, Oromo’s had been spreading over their present areas. But, because of Christian-
Muslim wars, groups of Oromo’s moved to Odaa Roobaa and then to Madda Walaabuu where
Borana and Batentu confederacies recovered Gada system and moved to different directions.

The author also assured the remaining of Orom-duroo in different parts of present Oromia and
their mixing to Borena and Barentu Oromos by Moggaasaa and Medhichaa process. He says that
various Odaa or centres had the history connected with 13th and 14th centuries. Oromo were
participated in the forces of Christian kings such as Yukno Amlak, Amde Tsion etc.

Alemayehu informs us the formation of different Oromo confederations and the amendments of
laws such as laws of Makkoo Bilii among Macha tribe. Different Oromo tribes formed states and
many of them struggled against Menelik.

1
Wandimmuu Nagaash and Boonii Tasfaayee in their books with the title of Seenaa fi Sirna
Gadaa Oromoo Maccaa Hanga Jalqaba Jaarraa 20ffaatti,“History and Gada system of Macha
Oromo to Twentieth Century” discuss about the origin of Kush and Oromo as well as the revival
of Gada system in 16thC. Moreover, the book contains the detail of Macha movement,
settlement, and Waaqeffannaa. The politico-religious centre of Macha was Oda Bisil. According
to them, Liban had Chaffe in Dirree Inchinni at Laaftoo Liiban and later Kuttaye people founded
their own chaffe such as Bokku chittu, Bokkuu Xulee and Bokkuu Migira Bakkee. The
weakening of Gadaa system is also discussed well.

Asmerom Legesse in his book with the title, Oromo Democracy, gives us invaluable information.
He critically analyzed the historiography of the Oromo from different perspectives. He criticized
many Ethiopianist authors on the history of Oromo who wrote the history of Oromo subjectively.
He also outlines the negative effects of colonial powers on the indigenous African democracies.
In addition to this, Asmerom discussed the Oromo polity and principles of Oromo democracy.

Liqa- A’laaf Luba Balaay Mokonnin in his book entitled Seenaa Oromoo fi Kiristaanummaa;
“History of the Oromo and Christianity” criticized views of different writers such as Abba
Bahre, Atsme Giyorgis, Aleqa Taye, etc on the origin of Oromo. He discussed about the culture,
gada and religion of Oromo. He also analyzed the effects of internal factors on the culture of
Oromo and showed possible ways of recovering.

Another important material which provides us useful information is the book with the title, Sirna
Gadaa: Kallacha Tokkummaa Hundee Oromummaa Saba Oromoo;“Gada System: the kallacha
Unity Base of the Oromo Nation.” written by Abbaa Gadaa Roobalee Abbaa Soorii. He analyzed
the origin of Gadaa and Waaqeffannaa, and compared and contrasted Waaqeffannaa with
Christianity and Islam. He also discussed the reformation of Gadaa system and its contribution in
the movement of the Oromo. According to him the weakening of Gadaa system, paved the way
for the expansion of Menelik into Oromia.

He also added the struggle of Macha Tulama Association against neftegna gebbar system. The
role of the Association in the struggle of Shewa Oromo against the oppressors was also
overviewed by the author. Thus, this book is helpful for the proposed study.

1
In addition to the above, there are so many source materials such as archives, oral traditions,
books, journals, book chapters, thesis, etc in relation to the history of Kuttaye Oromo. Therefore,
the researcher will use those materials by collecting from different places and cross checking
them with different sources.

PART THREE

METHODS OF THE STUDY

In order to carry out the proposed historical research, the researcher will use different methods in
collecting and analyzing data.

Data Gathering Methods

To conduct the study, the researcher will use all available and relevant historical sources, which
encompasses both primary and secondary sources. As much as possible, the researcher will focus
on primary sources, because primary sources are more reliable and accurate than secondary
sources. Therefore; unpublished materials like thesis, archives, etc and published documents like
books, book chapters, etc will be gathered for the study. Those data will be accessed
systematically from various places such as; administrative, agricultural development, and
tourism and cultural offices of districts in which Kuttaye Oromo predominantly inhabited;
different offices of West Shawa zone in Ambo town, National Archive Agency of Ethiopia,
Wolde Meskel Tariku Archive Centre and Graduate Studies like Addis Ababa, Jimma and Ambo
University, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, John F.Kennedy, hands of individuals, internet, etc. In
addition to those sources, oral information concerning the study area will be collected by
identifying and selecting knowledgeable informants and interview them in the study area.

Data Analysis

Qualitative and quantitative methods are the two types of data analysis methods. Even though,
we cannot neglect quantitative data, historical research is mostly qualitative in its nature. This is
the fact why I preferred to use qualitative method in conducting and analyzing this historical
study. Therefore, the collected data will be analyzed after making systematic cross checking of
the sources.

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 PART FOUR

TIME AND BUDGET ALLOCATION OF THE STUDY

Tentative Time Allocation of the Study

No A c t i v i t i e s T i m e Remark
1 Selecting title to conduct a research study S e p t e m b e r 2 0 2 0
2 Reading source materials, Collecting data and prepare the research proposal From October 01– November 30, 2020

3 P r o p o s a l S u b m i s s i o n December 11-15, 2020

4 Visit ng libraries of Addis Ababa, Jimma and Ambo Universit es; documents of concerned of ices of west Shewa zone and Ambo and other’s administrative and Municipal towns; Libraries work at IES; Wolde Meskel Tariku Archive Centre; John F.Ken edy, and other archival and museum centers in Addis Ababa and other areas. December 16,2020 to January 15, 2021

5 First phase of field work in the study area to gather oral information January 16 to February 15, 2021

6 Second phase of field work in the study area to gather data February 16 to March 15, 2021

7 Data Analysis and Interpretatio n March 16 - 30, 2021

8 Checking up, Organizing and writing of the paper April 01 – 30, 2021
9 Submission of the first draft Beginning of May, 2021
1 0 Rewriting the first draft and submitting the final draft after evaluated by advisor before defense End of June, 2021

11 Thesis presentation and defense A u g u s t , 2 0 2 1

1 2 Editing and submitting the thesis after defense End of August, 2021

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 Budget Allocation of the Study

N o I t e m s Quantity Unit price Total Birr Remark

 F l u i 2 1 5 3 0
d
 P e 1 0 5 5 0
n
 P e n c i 3 3 9
l
 S h a r p e n e 2 4 8
r
 S t a p l e r 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
 S t a p l e 3 8 2 4
I. Stationery Materials

s
 C o m p u t e r 4 1 2 0 4 8 0
p a p e r
 Developing and parching - 1 5 0 1 5 0
maps
S u b t o t a l 8 5 1
 Computer - 1 , 0 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
materials and

services
 F l a s h 1 2 5 0 2 5 0
d i s c s
 D i g i t a l 1 3 , 0 0 0 3 , 0 0 0
II.Other
services

c a m e r a
S u b t o t a l 4 , 2 5 0

1
  Consumption - - 2 , 3 0 0
expenditure s
 A l l o w a n c - - 1 , 6 0 0
e
III. Personnel

 Field Assistance for 44 - 8 0 3 5 2 0

days
S u b t o t a l 7 4 2 0
 T o t a l t r a n s p o r t 3 , 0 0 0
IV.Transp-

e x p e n d i t u r e s
ortation
Costs

3 0 0
Tangency
V.Con-

- G r a n d T o t a l 1 5 8 2 1

Bibliography/References

A. UNPUBLISHED SOURCES
1. Theses and Dissertation
Damoze Kumessa . 2014. “AnAssessment of Soil Degradation and conservation practices
Based on Farmers Perception in Toke Kutaye District.” MA Thesis, Addis Ababa
University.
Dejene Gemechu. 2002.“Some Aspects ofConflict and Conflict Resolution among Waliso Oromo
of Eastern Macha: The Case of the Guma.” MA Thesis, Addis Ababa University.
Kebede Chala. 2011. “History of Tikur Inchinni Town from its foundation to present.” BA
Thesis, Haramaya University.
Mulugeta Debebe. 2012. “Decentralization in Ethiopia; the Case of Dendi District, West Shoa
Zone, Oromia: Concept And Process.” PhD Thesis, Technische Universität Dortmund.
Tesfaye Zeleke. “Water Rights and the Processes of Negotiations among Irrigators in West
Shewa Zone: The Case of Indris Scheme in Toke Kutaye District.” Axum University

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Tsegaye Zeleke. 2002.“Oromo of Salale: A History (C.1840-1936).” MA Thesis, Addis Ababa
University.
Workineh Shiferraw Oliqa. 2013. “A History of Leeqa-Qellam CA. 1840s-194.”MA Thesis,
Jimma University.

B. PUBLISHED SOURCES
2. Book Chapters, Articles and Journals
Fana Kajela .2014.Qorannoo Seenaa Hidda Latiinsa Oromoo Godiina Shawaa Lixaa (‘the
study of the Oromo lineage of West Shewa Zone’). : by Tourism Bureau of West Shawa
Zone.
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