0408-410 Into To Finite Element CH 8 & 9

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
UOS
0408-410
Professor: Dr. Hussien Ali Hussien
hhussien@Sharjah.ac.ae
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Office M6-109-A Ph# 06 505 2631
1
0408-410
Office Hours:
Mon. and Wed.@ 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM
Tue. and Thu.@ 1:00 to 2:00 PM
Others times by appointment ONLY (No walk-in please)
No office hours on Sundays
Tentative Lectures Schedule
Week# Topic Readin
g
1) 1/17 Review of Matrix Algebra & solution of simultaneous linear equs. Ch1
2) 1/24 Introduction to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method (Springs) Ch2
3) 1/31 Introduction to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method Ch2
4) 2/7 Uniaxial Bar and Truss Elements Quiz1 Ch3
5) 2/14 Uniaxial Bar and Truss Elements Ch3
6) 2/21 Uniaxial Bar and Truss Elements Ch3
7) 2/28 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Frames Ch4&5
8) 3/7 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Frames, MIDTERM (TBD) Ch4&5
9) 3/14 Finite Element Analysis of Beams and Frames Ch4&5
10) 3/21 Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness Equations Ch6
11) 3/28 Spring Break
12) 4/4 Practical Considerations in Modeling, Quiz2 Ch7
13) 4/11 Linear-Strain Triangle & Axisymmetric Elements Ch8&9
14) 4/18 Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems Ch13
15) 4/25 Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems, Quiz3 Ch13
16) 5/2 Finite Element Analysis of Fluid flow, Ch14
17) 5/16 Final Exam 2
A First Course in the Finite Element Method, 6 th Edition Logan
Chapter 8
Development of
the Linear-Strain
Triangle
Equations
3
Learning Objectives
• To develop the linear-strain triangular (LST) element
stiffness matrix.
• To describe how the LST stiffness matrix can be

determined.
• To compare the differences in results using the CST and

LST elements.
4
The Linear-Strain Triangle (LST)

• The LST element has six nodes and twelve unknown displacement
degrees of freedom.
• The displacement functions are quadratic.
• Available in many commercial finite element analysis computer
programs.
5
Derivation of the LST Element

Stiffness Matrix and Equations
• First we select our element type as the linear-strain triangle.
• For the 12 degrees of freedom, the unknown nodal displacements
are given by:
6
Selecting a Displacement Function
• We use the quadratic displacement function in each element as:
• The displacement function expressed in matrix form:
• or
• The ai coefficients can be obtained by substituting the coordinates into

u and v.
7
Selecting a Displacement Function

• Solving for the ai’s, we have:
• or
• The general displacement functions can be expressed in terms of the

shape functions and nodal degrees of freedom as:
where
8
Define the Strain-Displacement and

Stress/Strain Relationships
• The element strains are given by:
• Substituting for u and v, we obtain the strain-generalized displacement

equations as:
or
9
Define the Strain-Displacement and

• Substituting in the equations for the ai’s we get:
Where [B] is a function of the variables x and y and the coordinates

(x1, y1) through (x6, y6), given by:
• The stresses are given by:
Where [D] is the equation for either plane stress or plane strain
10
Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix

and Equations
• Determine the stiffness matrix by using the equation:
• The [B] matrix is of the form:
• The stiffness matrix is cumbersome to obtain in explicit form and the

integration is most easily carried out numerically
• Alternatively, area coordinates can be used to obtain an explicit form of

the stiffness matrix for the LST element
11
Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix

and Equations
• The element body forces and surface forces should not be
automatically lumped at the nodes.
• These forces can be added to any concentrated nodal forces to obtain

the element force matrix.
• The element equations are given by:
12
Assembling the Global Stiffness

Matrix and Calculating Stresses
• Assembling the global stiffness matrix and equations, determining
the unknown global nodal displacements, and calculated the
stresses, are identical methods to those for the CST.
• Instead of constant stress in each element, there is linear variation

of the stresses in each element.
• Common practice was to use the centroidal element stresses.
• Current practice is to use the average of the nodal element

stresses.
13
Example LST Stiffness Determination
• For further illustration of some of the procedures for deriving an LST

stiffness matrix, work through the example in Section 8.2 which
determines the stiffness matrix for the LST triangle shown below:
14
Comparison of Constant- and Linear-

Strain Triangle Elements
• For a given number of nodes, a better representation of true stress
and displacement is generally obtained using the LST element vs.
the CST element.
• For example, using one LST yields better results than using four
CST elements with the same number of nodes.
15

• Consider the cantilever beam subjected to a concentrated load as
shown in the figure:
• We will compare the results using the CST and LST elements for
this loading situation.
16

• Table 8 – 1 lists the series of tests run to compare results using the
CST and LST elements
17

• Table 8 – 2 compares the results of the models
18

• It is clear that the LST analysis yields more accurate results for
displacement.
• However, the stress predicted by the CST is more accurate.
• This is due to the location of where the stress is reported.
• Both LST and CST analysis yield results good enough for most
plane stress/strain problems.
• Remember that finite element displacements will always be less

than (or equal to) the exact ones.
19
20
Chapter 9
Axisymmetric
Elements
21
Learning Objectives
• To review the basic concepts and theory of elasticity equations
for axisymmetric behavior.
• To derive the axisymmetric element stiffness matrix, body
force, and surface traction equations.
• To demonstrate the solution of an axisymmetric pressure
vessel using the stiffness method.
• To compare the finite element solution to an exact solution for
a cylindrical pressure vessel.
• To illustrate some practical applications of axisymmetric
elements.
22
Axisymmetric Element
• The axisymmetric element is a two-dimensional element that is
triangular tori such that each element is symmetric with respect to
geometry and loading about an axis.
• Each vertical cross section of the element is a plane triangle.
• The nodal points describe circumferential lines.
23
Examples Using Axisymmetric

Elements
24
Derivation of the Axisymmetric

Stiffness Matrix
• Consider the axisymmetric solid where the element has three nodes
with two degrees of freedom per node:
25

Stiffness Matrix
• The element displacement function are taken to be:
• The nodal displacements are:
• The general displacement function is expressed in matrix form as:
26

Stiffness Matrix
• Substituting in the coordinates of the nodal points we obtain:
27

Stiffness Matrix
• Performing the inverse operations, we have:
28

Stiffness Matrix
• We define the shape functions as:
• Substituting in, we find that the general displacement function is:
or
29
Define the Strain/Displacement and

• Consider the plane cross-section of the axisymmetric element:
• The normal strain in the radial direction, the tangential strain, the
longitudinal normal strain, and the shear strain in the r-z plane are
respectively given by:
30

• Using the element displacement function with the axisymmetric strain
definitions we obtain:
• Rewriting, substituting, and simplifying we get:
31

• Writing in simplified matrix form we get:
Where:
• Obtain submatrices [Bj] and [Bm] by replacing the subscript i with j and
then with m.
32

• Rewriting in compact matrix form we have:
Where:
• The matrix [B] is called the gradient matrix and is a function of the r and
z coordinates. Therefore, in general, the strain εθ will not be constant
• The stresses are given by:
• A special reference must be used for when v = 0.5
• See reference [9] in the text for more details
33
Deriving the Element Stiffness

Matrix and Equations
• The stiffness matrix is
or
Which is obtained after integrating along the circumferential boundary
• These equation can be evaluated by one of three methods:

1. Numerical integration (Gaussian quadrature)
2. Explicit multiplication and term-by-term integration
3. Evaluating [B] for a centroidal point of the element
• If the triangular subdivisions are consistent with final stress

distribution, then acceptable results can be obtained by method 3
34

0408-410 Into To Finite Element CH 8 & 9

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Introduction to Finite Element Analysis

• To describe how the LST stiffness matrix can be

• To compare the differences in results using the CST and

The Linear-Strain Triangle (LST)

Derivation of the LST Element

Selecting a Displacement Function

• We use the quadratic displacement function in each element as:

• The displacement function expressed in matrix form:

• The ai coefficients can be obtained by substituting the coordinates into

Selecting a Displacement Function

• The general displacement functions can be expressed in terms of the

Define the Strain-Displacement and

• Substituting for u and v, we obtain the strain-generalized displacement

Define the Strain-Displacement and

Where [B] is a function of the variables x and y and the coordinates

• The stresses are given by:

Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix

• The [B] matrix is of the form:

• The stiffness matrix is cumbersome to obtain in explicit form and the

• Alternatively, area coordinates can be used to obtain an explicit form of

Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix

• These forces can be added to any concentrated nodal forces to obtain

• The element equations are given by:

Assembling the Global Stiffness

• Instead of constant stress in each element, there is linear variation

• Common practice was to use the centroidal element stresses.

• Current practice is to use the average of the nodal element

Example LST Stiffness Determination

• For further illustration of some of the procedures for deriving an LST

Comparison of Constant- and Linear-

Comparison of Constant- and Linear-

Comparison of Constant- and Linear-

Comparison of Constant- and Linear-

Comparison of Constant- and Linear-

• However, the stress predicted by the CST is more accurate.

• This is due to the location of where the stress is reported.

• Remember that finite element displacements will always be less

Examples Using Axisymmetric

Derivation of the Axisymmetric

Derivation of the Axisymmetric

• The nodal displacements are:

• The general displacement function is expressed in matrix form as:

Derivation of the Axisymmetric

Derivation of the Axisymmetric

Derivation of the Axisymmetric

• Substituting in, we find that the general displacement function is:

Define the Strain/Displacement and

Define the Strain/Displacement and

• Rewriting, substituting, and simplifying we get:

Define the Strain/Displacement and

Define the Strain/Displacement and

• The stresses are given by:

• A special reference must be used for when v = 0.5

• See reference [9] in the text for more details

Deriving the Element Stiffness

Which is obtained after integrating along the circumferential boundary

• These equation can be evaluated by one of three methods:

• If the triangular subdivisions are consistent with final stress

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