Q1 W1genphysics

Chapter 1 Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
General Physics 1
Quarter 1, Week 1
Ma. Cristina G. Ballesteros
Master Teacher I
THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

Learning outcomes
• Convert units of measurement

• Express numbers in scientific
notation.
• Apply the rules of counting significant
figures in rounding-off numbers
based on the mathematical operation
used.

Learning outcomes
• Determine the number of significant
figures.
• Differentiate accuracy from precision.
• Distinguish between scalar and
vector quantities, and random and
systematic errors.
• Add vectors using graphical and
component method.










1.2 SI Units
This Platinum Iridium

cylinder is the standard
kilogram.








1.2 SI Units
Derived Relation with Base and Special
Unit
Quantity Derived Quantities Name
area length × width
volume length × width ×
height
density mass  volume
speed distance  time
acceleration change in velocity 
time
force mass × acceleration newton
(N)
pressure force  area pascal
(Pa)
work force × distance joule (J)
power work  time watt (W)

1.3 Prefixes
• Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very

small quantities










Chapter 1 Significant Figures
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
Determining Significant Figures in Measurements

To determine whether a digit in a measured value
is significant, you need to apply the following rules.
1. Every nonzero digit is significant.
Each of these measurements has three

significant figures:
24.7 meter
0.743 meter
714 meter
THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2. Zeros appearing between nonzero digits
are significant. These are called
“sandwich or captive zeros”.
Each of these measurements has four significant

figures: Why?
7003 meter
40.79 meter
1.503 meter
Rule 3: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit

are not significant. (leading zeros)
0.005 – one significant digit
0.0304 – three significant digits
Rule 4: Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit and

are on the right side of the decimal point are
significant.
2.00 – three significant digit
0.00420 – three significant digits
•Rule 5: Trailing zeros in a whole number are

not significant. (ambiguous zeros)
560 kg → 2 sig. fig.
1500 mL → 2 sig. fig.
1250 m → 3 sig. fig.

Each of these measurements has four
significant figures: WHY?
43.00 meter
1.010 meter
9.000 meter
• Which ZERO digits are NOT significant

figures?
• Leading zeros before real numbers
• Example 0.000231
• Trailing zeros after real numbers if no
decimal is written- Example 1,000,000

Each of these measurements has only two significant
figures:
0.0071 meter = 7.1 x 10-3 meter

0.42 meter = 4.2 x 10-1 meter
0.000 099 meter = 9.9 x 10-5 meter
All digits are
These are
significant using
leading zeros
scientific notation

The zeros in these measurements are not
significant: WHY?
300 meter (one?significant figure)
7000 meter (one?significant figure)
27,210 meter (four
? significant figures)
No captured zeros nor trailing zeros, no decimal points!
Unlimited number of significant figures
There are two situations in which numbers have an unlimited number of
significant figures. Counting and Equivalents
– The first involves counting.

23 people in your classroom
This measurement is a counted value, so it has an unlimited number of
significant figures.
• The second situation involves equivalents like those found within a system
of measurement.
Each of these numbers has an unlimited number of significant figures.
60 min = 1 hr
100 cm = 1 m
Counting and equivalents do not limit the significant figures in your
calculations!
Chapter 1 Sample Problem 3.3
Counting Significant Figures in Measurements
How many significant figures are in each measurement?
Give the rule(s) for counting significant figures
a. 123 m 3 sig-figs -– all nonzero numbers
b. 40,506 mm 5 sig-figs -– all nonzero numbers – sandwich

zeros
c. 9.8000 x 104 m 5 sig-figs -– trailing zeros with a decimal are

significant
Counting Significant Figures in Measurements
How many significant figures are in each measurement?
Give the rule(s) for counting significant figures
a. 22 metersticks Unlimited- counting
b. 0.070 80 m 4 sig figs - all nonzero numbers are significant

-sandwich zeros are significant
– trailing zeros with a decimal are significant
c. 98,000 m 2 sig figs -– all nonzero numbers

No decimal so zeros are placeholders
No captured & no trailing zeros
Rounding Measurements
Round off each measurement to the
number of significant figures shown in
parentheses.
a. 314.721 meter (four) 314.7
b. 0.001 775 meter (two) 0.001 8
c. 8792 meter (two) 8800
Significant Figures in Calculations

Addition and Subtraction
The answer to an addition or subtraction

calculation should be rounded to the same
number of decimal places (not digits) as the
measurement with the least number of
decimal places.
Significant Figures in Addition and

Subtraction
Give the answer to the correct number of
12.52 meter + 349.0 meter + 8.24 meter
Chapter 1 Sample
Physical Quantities, Units and Problem 3.5
Measurement
2 Solve Apply the concepts to this problem.
349.0 meter has the

fewest decimal places,
just one. The answer
12.52 meter
must be rounded to
349.0 meter
one decimal place+ 8.24 meter
369.76 meter
369.8 meter
Significant Figures in Calculations

Multiplication and Division
– In calculations involving multiplication and
division, round the answer to the same
number of significant figures as the
measurement with the least number of
Significant Figures in Multiplication

and Division
Give the answers to the correct number
of significant figures.
a. 7.55 meter x 0.34 meter
b. 2.10 meter x 0.70 meter
c. 2.4526 meter2 ÷ 8.4 meter

a. 7.55 meter x 0.34 meter
The second measurement (0.34 meter) has the

least number of significant figures (two). So, the
answer must be rounded to two significant figures.
a. 7.55 meter x 0.34 meter = 2.567 meter2

= 2.6 meter2
The second measurement (0.70 meter) has

the least number of significant figures
(two). So, the answer must be rounded to
two significant figures.
b. 2.10 meter x 0.70 meter = 1.47 meter2

= 1.5 meter2


c. 2.4526 meter2 ÷ 8.4 meter
The second measurement (8.4 meter2) has the

least number of significant figures (two). So, the
answer must be rounded to two significant figures.
c. 2.4526 meter2 ÷ 8.4 meter = 0.291 076 meter

= 0.29 meter
In what case are zeros significant in a
measured value?
• trailing zeros with a decimal point

• Sandwich zero’s – between real
numbers
• Sig Fig Rule when + or - numbers?

– Round to fewest decimal places
• Sig Fig Rule when x or ÷ numbers?

– Round to fewest significant figures
– measurement: a quantitative description that

includes both a number and a unit
– scientific notation: an expression of numbers in the

form m x 10n, where m is equal to or greater than 1
and less than 10, and n is an integer
– accuracy: the closeness of a measurement to the

true value of what is being measured
– precision: describes the closeness, or

reproducibility, of a set of measurements taken under
the same conditions
THEME ONE: M E A S U R E M E N T
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Learning outcomes
• Convert units of measurement

• Express numbers in scientific
notation.
• Apply the rules of counting significant
figures in rounding-off numbers
based on the mathematical operation
used.

Learning outcomes
• Determine the number of significant
figures.
• Differentiate accuracy from precision.
• Distinguish between scalar and
vector quantities, and random and
systematic errors.
• Add vectors using graphical and
component method.

1.4 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities are quantities that have

magnitude only. Two examples are shown below:
Measuring Mass Measuring Temperature

• Scalar quantities are added or subtracted by using

simple arithmetic.
Example: 4 kg plus 6 kg gives the answer 10 kg
6 kg
4 kg
+ =
10 kg

• Vector quantities are quantities that have both

magnitude and direction
A Force
Magnitude = 100 N
Direction = Left

• Examples of scalars and vectors
Scalars Vectors
distance displacement
speed velocity
mass weight
time acceleration
pressure force
energy momentum
volume
density


Adding Vectors using Graphical Method
• Parallel vectors can be added arithmetically
4N
6N 4N
2N
2N 2N


Adding Vectors using Graphical Method
• Non-parallel vectors are added by graphical
means using the parallelogram law
– Vectors can be represented graphically by arrows
5.0 cm  20.0 N
Direction = right
– The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the
vector
– The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the
vector
– The magnitude and direction of the resultant vector can be
found using an accurate scale drawing

• The parallelogram law of vector addition states

that if two vectors acting at a point are
represented by the sides of a parallelogram
drawn from that point, their resultant is
represented by the diagonal which passes through
that point of the parallelogram


Another method of Adding Vectors
• To add vectors A and B
– place the starting point of B at the ending point of A
– The vector sum or resultant R is the vector joining the
starting point of vector A to the ending point of B
– Conversely, R can also be obtained by placing the
starting point of A at the ending point of B
– Now the resultant is represented by the vector joining
the starting point of B to the ending point of A
• See next slide

B
A
A
B

1. Scalar quantities are quantities that only have

magnitudes
2. Vector quantities are quantities that have both
magnitude and direction
3. Parallel vectors can be added arithmetically
4. Non-parallel vectors are added by graphical
means using the parallelogram law

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Chapter 1 Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

• Convert units of measurement

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

This Platinum Iridium

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

• Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

Determining Significant Figures in Measurements

1. Every nonzero digit is significant.

Each of these measurements has three

Determining Significant Figures in Measurements

Each of these measurements has four significant

Rule 3: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit

0.005 – one significant digit

0.0304 – three significant digits

Rule 4: Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit and

0.00420 – three significant digits

•Rule 5: Trailing zeros in a whole number are

Determining Significant Figures in Measurements

• Which ZERO digits are NOT significant

THEME ONE: MEASUREMENT

0.0071 meter = 7.1 x 10-3 meter

Determining Significant Figures in Measurements

– The first involves counting.

Each of these numbers has an unlimited number of significant figures.

b. 40,506 mm 5 sig-figs -– all nonzero numbers – sandwich

c. 9.8000 x 104 m 5 sig-figs -– trailing zeros with a decimal are

b. 0.070 80 m 4 sig figs - all nonzero numbers are significant

c. 98,000 m 2 sig figs -– all nonzero numbers

Significant Figures in Calculations

The answer to an addition or subtraction

Significant Figures in Addition and

2 Solve Apply the concepts to this problem.

349.0 meter has the

Significant Figures in Calculations