t.

me/vedantumath1
Sessions Orientation

● Complete Chapter Theory

● Board Level Problem Practice

● JEE Level Problem Practice

 Units &
Measurement
● Important NCERT Topics
● Important Formulae
● Definitions

Grade- 11
Chapter Flow

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Measurement Units Errors Significant
& Dimension figures

M Ud Er S
Chapter Flow

Part 1 Measurement

1) Physical Quantities
2) Measurement
1. Measurement

1. Physical Quantity

Definition
Physical Quantity
Any quantity which can be measured is called a
physical quantity.

For example: length, temperature, pressure, weight, etc.

1. Measurement

1. Physical Quantity
1. Measurement

So, Is “population of India” a

physical quantity?

A Yes

B No
1. Measurement

So, Is “population ka dard” a

physical quantity?

A Yes

B No
1. Measurement

Physical Quantity

Fundamental Derived Physical

Physical Quantity Quantities
1. Measurement

Physical Quantity

Derived Physical
Quantities

Area

Volume

Velocity

Acceleration
1. Measurement

So, the Pressure is a _______

physical quantity.

A Fundamental

B Derived
Measurement

2. Measurement

Definition
It is a process of determining how large or small a
physical quantity is as compared to a basic reference
quantity of the same kind.

Measurement is Numerical value times unit

Measurement = N*U
1. Measurement

2. Measurement

Measurement Physical Quantity = Magnitude(n)× Unit(u) = n u

1. Measurement
 Chapter Flow

Part 2 Units & Dimension

2.1 1. Units

1) System of units
2) SI Unit System
a) Base Units & Derived Units
b) Supplementary Units
Units

1) System of units
What if everyone uses a unit of their own choice for every
measurement.
Units

A complete set of units which is used to measure all fundamental

and derived quantities.
Units

The physical quantities with their MKS, CGS and FPS units.

Physical
MKS unit CGS unit FPS unit
Quantity

Velocity

Acceleration

Force

Work
Units
Units

2) SI UNITS SYSTEM ⮚ Stands for “The International System of

Units”
⮚ Most popular.
⮚ Used by the scientific community.

So, It has 7 base units and 2

supplementary units.
Units

2. SI Unit System

Base Units
Units

2. SI Unit System

Derived Units Area

Volume

Velocity

Acceleration

Force

Work

Energy

Power

Pressure
Units

2. SI Unit System

Supplementary Units
Units

Plane Angle
Units

Plane Angle
Units

Solid Angle
Units

Solid Angle
Units

Conversion Of Angles

1. Radian to Degree
Units

Conversion Of Angles

2. Degree to Radians
90° = _____ Radians.

A 2π

B π

C π/2

D π/3
 Chapter Flow

Part 2 Units & Dimension

2.1 2. Dimension

1) What are Dimensions

2) Base Dimensions & Derived Dimensions
3) Dimensional Analysis
a) Rules
4) Applications
5) Limitations
Dimensions

1. What are Dimensions

Dimensions are the powers of the fundamental units present

in the unit of a derived quantity.
Dimensions
Dimensions

2. Base Dimensions
Dimensions

2. Derived Dimensions
Area

Volume

Velocity

Acceleration

Force

Work

Energy

Power

Pressure
Dimensions

Dimensions Of supplementary Units

Dimensions

3. Dimensional Analysis

The dimensional Analysis can be used for-

1. Conversion of Units
2. Check dimensional consistency of equations
3. Derive relationships between quantities.
Dimensions

1. Conversion of Units

Q. Convert 1 J to erg.
Dimensions

Q. Convert 1 J to erg.
Dimensions

1. Conversion of Units

Q. Convert 1 J to erg.

Solution:
1 J = x erg
Dimension of energy = [ML2T-2]
Therefore,
J = kg × m2 × s-2 and erg = g × cm2 × s-2
1 (kg m2 s-2) = x (g cm2 s-2)
Dimensions

2. Check dimensional consistency of equations

For an equation to be valid, it must follow rules of dimensional

consistency.

This is called principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

Dimensions

2. Check dimensional consistency of equations

Physical quantities getting added or subtracted must have

same dimensions

Physical quantities in LHS and RHS should have same

dimensions
Dimensions
Dimensions

2. Check dimensional consistency of equations

Arguments of trigonometric functions should be dimensionless

In the above equation, B should be dimensionless.

Note: same is also true for logarithmic and exponential functions

that you will study later.
Dimensions
Dimensions

Dimensional Analysis

3. Derive relationships between quantities-

Method to deduce relationship between physical quantities

(helps in deriving formulae).

e.g.: Time period of a simple

pendulum.
Dimensions
Dimensions

Time period of a simple pendulum:

Time period ‘T’ depends on mass ‘m’, length ‘L’, and acc. due to
gravity ‘g’
Dimensions

Where k is dimensionless constant.

By considering dimensions on both sides,
Dimensions
Dimensions

Dimensionless quantities cannot be determined by this method.

Constant of proportionality cannot be determined by this

method. They can be found either by experiment (or) by theory.
Dimensions
Dimensions

Limitations of Dimensional Analysis

● In the case of physical quantities which are dependent

upon more than three physical quantities, this method will
be difficult.

● If one side of the equation contains addition or subtraction

of physical quantities, we cannot use this method to derive
the expression.
Dimensions
 Chapter Flow

Part 3 Errors

2.1 3. Errors

1) Why errors are there?

a) Accuracy
b) Precision
2) Types of Error
3) How to calculate Random Errors
4) Combination of Errors
Errors

1. Why errors are there?

An error is a mistake of some kind causing an error in your

results so the result is not accurate.

or

An error is a mistake in measuring values during lab

experiments.
Errors

1. Why errors are there?

Errors
Errors

High Precision High precision Low precision

High accuracy Low accuracy Low accuracy
Errors

Accuracy tells us how close a measurement is to the true value.

⮚ An accurate experiment has a low systematic error.

Precision tells the agreement among all measurements.

⮚ A precise experiment has a low random error.
Errors
Errors
Errors

2. Types of Error

Errors can be divided into two main classes

1. Random errors
2. Systematic errors
Errors

2. Types of Error

1. Random errors:

➢ Errors due to random and unpredictable reasons.

➢ Cannot be eliminated, can only be minimized.
➢ Take lots of readings and take average.
➢ E.g.: Measurement of your height changes if your
posture changes slightly.
Errors

2. Types of Error

2. Systematic errors

➢ Caused either by faulty instruments or

faulty method of experimentation.
➢ Consistent and repeatable.
➢ E.g.: Zero error.
Errors

3. How to calculate Random Errors

In any lab experiment, we can calculate 3 types of errors :

● Mean absolute error

● Relative error
● Percentage error

Lets understand how to calculate these !

Errors

● Mean absolute error

The magnitude of the difference between the individual

measurement and the true value of the quantity is called the
absolute error of the measurement.
Absolute error is denoted by Δa, and it is always taken
positive.

For Example:
Values obtained in several measurements are 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, …,𝑎𝑛

If true value is not available we can consider arithmetic mean

as true value.
Errors

● Mean absolute error

Mean Absolute Error =

So, we show the measurement by = a ± Δamean

Errors

Example:

➢ In the lab, you’re trying to measure diameter of a pipe and

you get the following 5 readings
➢ What should be the true value of pipe diameter?
➢ Have you made any errors while measuring the
diameter?
➢ What is the value of that error? Readings

2.5 cm

2.6 cm

2.4 cm

2.0 cm

3.0 cm
Errors
● Mean absolute Value = True Value

Readings

2.5 cm

2.6 cm

2.4 cm

2.0 cm

3.0 cm
Errors

● Absolute error
Readings

2.5 cm

2.6 cm

2.4 cm

2.0 cm

3.0 cm
Errors

● Mean Absolute error

Absolute
Readings
Error

(0 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.5 + 0.5 ) / 5 = 0.24 2.5 cm 0

2.6 cm 0.1

2.4 cm 0.1

2.0 cm 0.5

3.0 cm 0.5
Errors

● Mean absolute error

Value and range of uncertainty

Diameter = 2.5 ± 0.2cm

Nominal Range of
value uncertainty

➢ The diameter will be somewhere between 2.3 cm and

2.7 cm
Errors
Errors
Errors

● Relative error

The relative error is the ratio of the mean absolute error

∆amean to the mean value amean of the quantity measured.
Errors

● Relative error

When the relative error is expressed in percent, it is called

the percentage error (δ).
Errors

● Relative error

Let’s say –

In an exp. we got the measurement = a ± Δa

Then,

and
Errors
Errors

● Least count Error

Least count of this scale is 1 mm.

Errors

● Percentage error/Least count Error

➢ Measurement falls between two divisions.

➢ Error due to approximation made by the observer is
called least count error.

Reading = (6.4 ± 0.1) cm

Least count of this scale is 1 mm.

Errors

Combination of Errors
Errors

How to calculate Random Errors

Errors

How to calculate Random Errors

1. Addition / subtraction of physical quantities

Rule: Errors get added

Example:
Req = R1 + R2

R1 = 2.0 ± 0.3 Ω

R2 = 6.0 ± 0.4 Ω

Req = 8.0 ± 0.7 Ω

Note: Even in case of subtraction, errors will get ADDED.

Errors
Errors

How to calculate Random Errors

2. Multiplication / division of physical quantities:

Rule: Relative and percentage errors get added.

Example: Nominal value of area will be given by

A = L × b

Relative error in area will be

Note: Just like relative errors, percentage errors will

also get ADDED.
Errors
Errors

How to calculate Random Errors

3. Physical quantities raised to a power:

Rule: Relative and percentage errors get multiplied with

the power and then get added.

Example: Nominal value of volume will be given by

V = π × R2 × h
Relative error in volume will be

Note: We will not prove this formula right now as it

requires knowledge of differentiation.
Errors
Chapter Flow

Part 4 Significant figures

4. Significant figure

1) What are Significant Figures?

2) Rules for Identifying significant figure
3) Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
4) Rounding Off
Significant figure

What are Significant Figures?

➢ Those digits which are known reliably plus one

additional digit.
Significant figure

What are Significant Figures?

Significant figure

Rules for Identifying significant figure

● Non-zero digits: Always counted

● Zeros in between: Always counted
● Leading zeros: Never counted
● Trailing zeroes:
➢ Counted if after decimal point
➢ NOT counted if before decimal point
Significant figure

Significant Figures in
Mathematical Operations
Significant figure

Rules

➢ Addition / Subtraction
The result should have minimum number of DECIMAL
DIGITS

Example:
4.202 m + 3.45 m = 7.652 m = 7.65 m

3 decimal 2 decimal Should be rounded off

digits digits to 2 decimal digits
Significant figure
Significant figure

Rules

➢ Multiplication / Division
The result should have minimum number of SIGNIFICANT
DIGITS.

Example:
1.23 N × 3.477 m = 4.27671 Nm = 4.28 Nm

3 SIG 4 SIG Should be rounded off

digits digits to 3 SIG digits
Significant figure
Significant figure

4. Rounding Off
Significant figure

Before rounding off

1.25 N × 2.560 m = 3.2 Nm

After rounding off

1.25 N × 2.560 m = 3.20 Nm

Significant figure

Before rounding off

After rounding off

1786 m ÷ 12 s = 148.8333 m/s

1786 m ÷ 12 s = 150 m/s

t.me/vedantumath1