RENAL

FUNCTION
TESTS
Presented by:
Hanna Siddiqui, Omyma Sajjad,
Sidra Sher, Zunera Saeed, Noor-e-Sahar,
Maria Mufti
INTRODUCTION:
KIDNEY:
• Two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs
• Found in vertebrates
• Situated below ribs and behind belly
• About 4-5 inches long
• Approx 160gm in weight
A N ATO M Y:
 Nephron
Renal Corpuscle
Renal tubules

PARTS OF Renal Cortex

KIDNEY: Renal Medulla
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
NEPHRON:
• Most important part of each kidney
• Take in blood, metabolize nutrients and remove wastes
• Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons
RENAL CORPUSCLE:
• After blood enters a nephron, it goes into renal corpuscle.
• It consists of two additional structures:
The Glomerulus (group of tiny blood vessels)
The Bowman capsule (two walled pouch covering glomerulus)
RENAL TUBULES:
• A series of tubes that begin after Bowman capsule and end at
collecting ducts
• Each tubule has several parts:
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
RENAL CORTEX:
• Outer part of kidney
• Contains glomerulus and convoluted tubules
• Together renal cortex and capsule house and protect the inner
structures
RENAL MEDULLA:
• Smooth, inner tissue of kidney
• Contains;
Loop of Henle (recovers water and sodium chloride from urine)
Renal pyramids (contains tubules for filtration and transport)
RENAL PELVIS:
• Funnel shaped space
• Situated in innermost part of kidney
• Contains pathway for fluid on its way to bladder
URETER:
• Tube made of smooth muscle
• Propels urine from kidney into bladder
• Approximately 20-30cm in adults
 Removes waste products from the body.

Removes drugs from the body.

Balances the body's fluids.

FUNCTIONS Releases hormones that regulate blood pressure.

OF KIDNEY: Produces an active form of vitamin D that promotes

strong, healthy bones.
Controls the production of red blood cells.

Regulates and filters minerals from blood.

D I S E A S E S O F
K I D N E Y:
INTRODUCTION:
• Malfunctioning of either or both of kidneys
• May also cause damage to other organs especially the heart
• Removal of wastes, toxins and water is adversely affected
• Diabetes and high blood pressure patients are at greater risk
TY P E S O F
K I D N E Y
D I S E A S E S :
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE:
• Also called as chronic kidney failure
• Involves gradual loss of kidney function
• Results in dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes build up
• Important causes:
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Recurrent kidney infection
Inherited kidney diseases
KIDNEY STONES:
• Also called as renal calculi
• Hard deposits made of minerals and salts inside kidney
• Causes:
Diet
Excess body weight
Certain medications
Dehydration
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS:
• Group of diseases that injure the glomeruli
• They may be acute or chronic
• Characterized by the inflammation of the glomeruli
• Causes:
Infections
Drugs
Congenital abnormalities
Poor diet
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE:
• A genetic disorder
• Causes growth of numerous cysts in kidney
• Results in enlargement of kidney and eventually loss of its function
• Causes:
Genetic mutation (in either gene PKD1 or PKD2)
Injury of tubules
Microscopic blockage of tubules
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS:
• UTIs are bacterial infections of any part of urinary tract
• Kidney infection may begin in urethra or the bladder
• Infection can travel to one or both kidneys
• Causes:
Urinary tract blockage
Weakened immune system
Bacterial infection in urinary tract (or any other part)
Urinary catheter
T E STS F O R
K I D N E Y
D I S E A S E S :
URINALYSIS:
• Includes;
microscopic examination of a urine sample
dipstick test of urine sample
• Involves checking the appearance, concentration and content of
urine
• Detects a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections,
kidney disease and diabetes
ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTERATION
RATE (eGFR):
• EGFR is an estimated number based on blood test and age, gender,
height, weight etc.
• Calculation used to estimate how well kidneys are functioning
• Levels of certain agents produced by the body are measured in
blood, such as:
Creatinine
Cystatin
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN TEST (BUN):
• Measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood
• Urea nitrogen is a waste product generated in body after protein
usage
• Healthy kidneys expel out this waste
• Unhealthy kidneys won't expel this waste and thus it stays in blood
URINE PROTEIN TEST:
• Urine protein dipstick test measures the presence of all proteins,
including albumin, in a urine sample
• Albumin and protein can also be measured using a blood test
• Urine is usually tested for protein when kidney disease is suspected
KIDNEY ULTRAOUNDS:
• Non-invasive diagnostic examination
• Used to examine size, shape and location of the kidneys
• Specifically kidney and bladder are targeted
• Shows injury, damage to tissues or presence of stones
BIOPSY:
• Removal of a small piece of kidney tissue
• Examination of that tissue under microscope
• Percutaneous kidney biopsy is usually opted

• Uses:
• Diagnosis kidney problems
• Helps develop treatment plans
• Determine kidney disease progression
• Monitors health of a transplanted kidney