CSE-1101 Structured Programming

Rafid Mostafiz
IIT, NSTU
 What is Computer?
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 Computer
 Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions
 Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called
computer programs
 Hardware
 Various devices comprising a computer
 Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units
 Software
 Programs that run on a computer
 Computer Organization
3

 Six logical units of computer

1. Input unit
 “Receiving” section
 Obtains information from input devices
 Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, networks, …
2. Output unit
 “Shipping” section
 Takes information processed by computer
 Places information on output devices
 Screen, printer, networks, …
 Information used to control other devices
 Computer Organization
4

 Six logical units of computer

3. Memory unit
 Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse”
section
 Retains information from input unit
 Immediately available for processing
 Retains processed information
 Until placed on output devices
 Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 “Manufacturing” section
 Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
 Computer Organization
5
 Six logical units of computer
5. Central processing unit (CPU)
 “Administrative” section
 Supervises and coordinates other sections of computer
6. Secondary storage unit
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
 Storage
 Inactive programs or data
 Secondary storage devices
 Disks
 Longer to access than primary memory
 Less expensive per unit than primary memory
 The von Neumann architecture
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CPU
Input Device Output Device
ALU CU

Main memory Secondary

(RAM) storage
 How it works
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 How does a computer execute a program ? (example

programs: a computer game, a word processor, etc)
 the instructions that comprise the program are copied from the
permanent secondary memory into the main memory
 After the instructions are loaded, the CPU starts executing the
program.
 For each instruction, the instruction is retrieved from memory,
decoded to figure out what it represents, and the appropriate action
carried out. (the fetch execute cycle)
 Then the next instruction is fetched, decoded and executed.
 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
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 Three types of computer languages

1. Machine language
 Only language computer directly understands
 “Natural language” of computer
 Defined by hardware design
 Machine-dependent
 Generally consist of strings of numbers
 Ultimately 0s and 1s
 Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
 One at a time
 Cumbersome for humans
 Example:
01100101 00001000 Machine Language
ADD 8 Assembly Language
 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
9

 Three types of computer languages

2. Assembly language
 English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations
 Clearer to humans
 Incomprehensible to computers
 Translator programs (assemblers)
 Convert to machine language
 Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
10

 Three types of computer languages

3. High-level languages
 Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical
notations
 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
 Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
 Translator programs (compilers)
 Convert to machine language
 Interpreter programs
 Directly execute high-level language programs
JAVA , Pascal, FORTRAN
 C History
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 Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with

Unix
 Due mostly to Dennis Ritchie
 Designed for systems programming
 Operating systems
 Utility programs
 Compilers
 Filters
 Evolved from B, which evolved from BCPL
 C Programming Environment

Preprocess/
Compile/
Link
Load/
Edit Run

Editor test.c test.exe CPU

.
 First C Program
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/* My first simple C program */

Comments

void main ()
All C programs have a main function;
{ they also start at main

printf (“Welcome to C!\n”);

Function to print to screen
}
Braces indicate start What to print End of
and end of main statement
End of line
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Edit
Program

Source
Code

Compile

Object
Code

Library Link Object

Files Code Executable
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Any Question?