Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Examination
copyright cmassengale 1
I. True or False
1.
Aristotle grouped
organisms into two
kingdom scheme, either
Kingdom Animalia or
Plantae.
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I. True or False
2.
The science of
grouping and naming
organisms is known
as Taxonomy.
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I. True or False
3.
Organization is putting
things into order
whether it is the same
or different.
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I. True or False
4.
In naming organisms,
dead languages (Latin
and Greek words)
are used to avoid
confusions.
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I. True or False
5.
The scientific system
of classification divides
all living things into
groups called taxa
(singular: taxon).
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II. Identification
1.
This is the
arrangement of
organisms into orderly
groups based on their
similarities.
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II. Identification
2.
This system literally
means “two-word
name”, proposed by
Carolus Linnaeus.
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II. Identification
CN: Gumamela
SN: Hibiscus rosasinensis
3. Which is the Genus?
4. Which one is the
species?
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II. Identification
5.
What is the scientific
name of DOG?
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II. Identification
6.
What is the common
name of
Panthera leo
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II. Identification
7.
Who is the father
of Taxonomy?
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II. Identification
8.
This is the systematized
knowledge of describing,
naming and classifying
organisms.
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III. Enumeration
9-16.
Enumerate the
Hierarchy of
Classification from
broadest to specific
organization.
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III. Enumeration
17-19.
Three Levels of
Biodiversity
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Finale
End of Test
God Bless!
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Classification
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Species of Organisms
•
There are 13 billion known
species of organisms
•
This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
•
New organisms are still being
found and identified
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What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
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Benefits of Classifying
•
Accurately & uniformly names
organisms
•
Prevents misnomers such as
starfish & jellyfish that aren't
really fish
•
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
Sea”horse”??
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists
•Aristotle
2000 years ago,
was the first
taxonomist
• Aristotle divided
organisms into plants &
animals
• He subdivided them
by their habitat ---
land, sea, or air
dwellers
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Early Taxonomists
•John Ray, a
botanist, was
the first to use
Latin for naming
•His names were
very long
descriptions
telling
everything
about the plant
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Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified
organisms by
their structure
• Developed
naming system
still used
today
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Carolus Linnaeus
•
Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•
Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
•
Two-word name (Genus &
species)
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature used
Turdus migratorius
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
•Underline when
writing
American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
category into which related
organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain BROADEST TAXON
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus Most
Specific
Species
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Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
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Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea and Bacteria are
unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
• Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
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Classification of Living Things
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ARCHAEA
• Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
st
–(Thermophiles)
Thermal or Volcanic Vents
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ARCHAEAN
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BACTERIA
• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important
environment
decomposers for
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Live in the intestines of animals
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Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
•Protista (protozoans, algae…)
•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants)
•Animalia (multicellular animals)
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Protista
•unicellular
Most are
•multicellular
Some are
•autotrophic, while
Some are
others are
heterotrophic
• Aquatic
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Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
• Cell walls
made of chitin
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Plantae
•Multicellular
• Autotrophic
•make
Absorb sunlight to
glucose –
Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose
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Animalia
• Multicellular
• Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
• Feed on plants
or animals
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Taxons
•
Most genera contain a
number of similar species
•
The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
•
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
• Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
• Similar embryo development
• Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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Dichotomous Keying
•
Used to identify organisms
•
Characteristics given in
pairs
•
Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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