Biology Unit 2

BIOLOGY (BSC 01)
UNIT-2
PROF. (DR.) SUNIL VERMA

ECHELON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JCBUST, FARIDABAD
Syllabus: Unit 1
MODULE 2: CLASSIFICATION
Purpose: To convey that classification per se is not what biology is all about.
The underlying criterion, such as morphological, biochemical or ecological be
highlighted.
Hierarchy of life forms at phenomenological level. A common thread weaves
this hierarchy Classification. Discuss classification based on (a) cellularity-
Unicellular or multicellular (b) ultrastructure- prokaryotes or eukaryotes. (c)
energy and Carbon utilization -Autotrophs, heterotrophs, lithotrophs (d)
Ammonia excretion – amino telic, uricotelic, ureotelic (e) Habitat aquatic or
terrestrial (e) Molecular taxonomy- three major kingdoms of life. A given
organism can come under different category based on classification. Model
organisms for the study of biology come from different groups. E. coli, S.
cerevisiae, D. Melanogaster, C. elegance, A. Thaliana, M. Musculus.
Hierarchy of life forms at
phenomenological level
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms,
population, community, ecosystem, biome and finally biosphere.
Classification
copyright cmassengale 4
Species of Organisms
•There are 13 billion known
species of organisms
•This is only 5% of all

organisms that ever lived!
•New organisms are still being

found and identified everyday
What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as

taxonomy
Confusion in Using Different Languages for
Names
Latin Names are Understood by all
Taxonomists
Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
• Classified
organisms by their
structure
• Developed the
naming system:
binomial (2 name)
Standardized Naming
•Binomial Turdus migratorius
nomenclature used
•Genus species
American Robin
Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?

Classification Groups
• There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,

Order, Family, Genus, species
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain BROADEST GROUP
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus Most
Specific
Species
Domains
• Three domains
• Archaea and Bacteria are
unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
• Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
Domains
ARCHAEA
• Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
st
• Found in:
–(Methanogens)
Sewage Treatment Plants
–(Thermophiles)
Thermal or Volcanic Vents
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are

acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea;
Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles
ARCHAEAN
BACTERIA
• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important decomposers for
environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
Live in the intestines of animals
Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
• Protista (protozoans,
algae…)
• Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
• Plantae (multicellular plants)
• Animalia (multicellular
animals)
Protista
•unicellular
Most are
•multicellular
Some are
•autotrophic,
Some are
while
others are
heterotrophic
Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
• Cell walls
made of chitin
Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight to
make glucose –
Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made of
cellulose
Animalia
• Multicellular
• Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
• Feed on plants
or animals
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
• Similar embryo development
• Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
Primate
Cladogram
Model organisms for the study of
biology come from different groups.
E. coli, Escherichia coli is a Gram-
negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-
shaped, coliform bacterium of the
genus Escherichia that is commonly
found in the lower intestine of
warm-blooded organisms.
 E. coli has been especially useful to molecular biologists because of both its relative
simplicity and the ease with which it can be propagated and studied in the laboratory.
The genome of E. coli, for example, consists of approximately 4.6 million base pairs and
encodes about 4000 different proteins.
 Classification of E. coli:
 Domain: Bacteria,
 Kingdom: Eubacteria,
 Phylum: Proteobacteria,
 Class: Gammaproteobacteria,
 Order: Enterobacteriales,
 Family: Enterobacteriaceae,
 Genus: Escherichia,
 Species: E. coli.
Model organisms for the study of biology come
from different groups.
S. cerevisiae,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a
species of yeast. The species
has been instrumental in
winemaking, baking, and
brewing since ancient times. It
is believed to have been
originally isolated from the
skin of grapes.
D. Melanogaster,
Drosophila melanogaster is a
species of fly in the family
Drosophilidae. The species is often
referred to as the fruit fly or lesser
fruit fly, or less commonly the
"vinegar fly" or "pomace fly"
 Drosophila melanogaster, known colloquially as the fruit fly, remains one of the
most commonly used model organisms for biomedical science. For more than one
hundred years, the low cost, rapid generation time, and excellent genetic tools have
made the fly indispensable for basic research.
C. elegance,
Caenorhabditis elegans is a
free-living transparent
nematode about 1 mm in
length that lives in temperate
soil environments. It is the
type species of its genus.
The name is a blend of the
Greek caeno-, rhabditis and
Latin elegans. In 1900,
Maupas initially named it
Rhabditides elegans.
A. Thaliana,
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress,
mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a
small plant from the mustard family,
native to Eurasia and Africa.
Commonly found along the shoulders
of roads and in disturbed land, it is
generally considered a weed
Why is Arabidopsis thaliana used as model organism?
 It possesses a relatively small, genetically tractable genome
that can be manipulated through genetic engineering more
easily and rapidly than any other plant genome.
Model organisms for the study of biology come from
different groups.
M. Musculus.
The house mouse is a small mammal of
the order Rodentia, characteristically
having a pointed snout, large rounded
ears, and a long and almost hairless
tail. It is one of the most abundant
species of the genus Mus
The mouse or M. musculus is often
used as a preferred model organism
due to the similarity with the human
genome of 85% and genome size ~2.5
Gbp.
Previous Year University Questions
Q-1 What is Nomenclature (December-2022) 1.5 Mark
Answer:
Nomenclature is the set of rules and conventions that govern the names of various organisams.
Nomenclature:
Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal
system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which
use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a
name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just “binomial”), a binomen or a scientific
name; more informally it is also called a Latin name.
For Example: Indian Bull Frog Rana tigrina

1. Q-2 Who Introduced 5 Kingdoms of Classification. (December-2022) 1.5 Marks
R.H. Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom classification in 1969. This classification was based upon certain
characters like mode of nutrition, thallus organization, cell structure, phylogenetic relationships and reproduction.
The five kingdoms identified were as under
 Kingdom Monera
Bacteria are categorized underneath the Kingdom Monera.
Features of Monerans
 Bacteria occur everywhere and they are microscopic in nature.
 They possess a cell wall and are prokaryotic.
 The cell wall is formed of amino acids and polysaccharides.
 Bacteria can be heterotrophic and autotrophic.
 The heterotrophic bacteria can be parasitic or saprophytic. The autotrophic bacteria can be chemosynthetic or
photosynthetic.
 Kingdom Protista
Features of Protista
 They are unicellular and eukaryotic organisms.
 Some of them have cilia or flagella for mobility.
 Sexual reproduction is by a process of cell fusion and zygote formation.
Sub-groups of Protista
 Kingdom Protista is categorized into subsequent groups:
 Chrysophytes: The golden algae (desmids) and diatoms fall under this group. They are found in marine and freshwater
habitats.
 Dinoflagellates: They are usually photosynthetic and marine. The colour they appear is dependent on the key pigments
in their cells; they appear red, blue, brown, green or yellow.
 Euglenoids: Most of them live in freshwater habitation in motionless water. The cell wall is absent in them, instead, there
is a protein-rich layer called a pellicle.
 Slime Moulds: These are saprophytic. The body moves along putrefying leaves and twigs and nourishes itself on organic
material. Under favourable surroundings, they form an accumulation and were called Plasmodial slime moulds.
 Protozoans: They are heterotrophs and survive either as parasites or predators.
 Kingdom Fungi
 The kingdom fungi include moulds, mushroom, yeast etc
 Features of Kingdom Fungi
 The fungi are filamentous, excluding yeast (single-celled).
 Their figure comprises slender, long thread-like constructions called hyphae. The web of hyphae is called mycelium.
 Some of the hyphae are unbroken tubes which are jam-packed with multinucleated cytoplasm. Such hyphae are
labelled Coenocytic hyphae.
 The other type of hyphae has cross-walls or septae.
 The cell wall of fungi is composed of polysaccharides and chitin.
 Most of the fungi are saprophytes and are heterotrophic.
 Some of the fungi also survive as symbionts. Some are parasites. Some of the symbiont fungi live in association with
algae, like lichens. Some symbiont fungi live in association with roots of higher plants, as mycorrhiza.
 Kingdom Animalia
Features of Kingdom Animalia

 All multicellular eukaryotes which are heterotrophs and lack cell wall are set aside
under this kingdom.
 The animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants for food. Their mode of
nutrition is holozoic. Holozoic nutrition encompasses ingestion of food and then the
use of an internal cavity for digestion of food.
 Many of the animals are adept for locomotion.
 They reproduce by sexual mode of reproduction.
Kingdom Plantae
Features of Kingdom Plantae
 The kingdom Plantae is filled with all eukaryotes which have chloroplast.
 Most of them are autotrophic in nature, but some are heterotrophic as well.
 The Cell wall mainly comprises cellulose.
Q. 3 Differentiate between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes. (December-2021) 2 Marks
Q. 4 Give differences between:
(December-2022) 10 Marks
(i) Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(ii) Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Ureotelic and uricotelic
Ammoniotelic animals: Ureotelic organism Uricotelic animals:
An ammoniotelic organism generally A ureotelic organism generally The species which excrete uric acid
excretes nitrogenous waste as excretes excess nitrogen as urea. waste are called uricotelic
soluble ammonia. Urea is less toxic and needs less organisms.
Ammonia, the product or waste water for excretion. The uricotelic organism excretes
formed is highly toxic and requires a either uric acid or its salts.
large amount of water for its Ureotelic organisms include
excretion. cartilaginous fish, a few bony fishes, Uric acid is the least toxic and
Most aquatic animals including adult amphibians, and also requires less water in comparison to
protozoans, crustaceans, mammals including humans. urea and ammonia. It can be stored
Platyhelminthes, cnidarians, in the cells and body tissues without
poriferans, echinoderms, fishes, causing any toxic effects.
larvae/tadpoles of amphibians are
ammoniotelic. The excreta of the uricotelic
organisms are insoluble solids or
semi-solid and requires less water.
For example: Terrestrial arthropods

(including insects), lizards, snakes,
 Q-5 Define the Eukaryotes
An organism consisting of a cell or cells in

which the genetic material is DNA in the
form of chromosomes contained within a
distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all
living organisms other than the eubacteria
and archaea.

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BIOLOGY (BSC 01)

PROF. (DR.) SUNIL VERMA

•This is only 5% of all

•New organisms are still being

Classification is also known as

Which TWO are more closely related?

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,

–Hot Springs or Geysers that are

For Example: Indian Bull Frog Rana tigrina

 The kingdom fungi include moulds, mushroom, yeast etc

 Features of Kingdom Fungi

 The fungi are filamentous, excluding yeast (single-celled).

 The other type of hyphae has cross-walls or septae.

 The cell wall of fungi is composed of polysaccharides and chitin.

 Most of the fungi are saprophytes and are heterotrophic.

Features of Kingdom Animalia

For example: Terrestrial arthropods

An organism consisting of a cell or cells in

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