MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR

Prof. A. El- Sahn

5 4 3 1 2

The

lower second premolar is the fifth tooth from the middle line of the mandible. general form somewhat similar to that of the mandibular first premolars but shows a number of distinctions.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Its

It

is larger than the mandibular first premolar and has an extremely variable occlusal morphology.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

It

resembles the mandibular first premolar from the buccal aspect only.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

There are two common types of lower second premolars:

1.

The three-cusp type

which occurs most often and appears more angular from the occlusal aspect.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

There are two common types of lower second premolars:

2.

A two-cusp type
with one lingual cusp and more rounded occlusal outline.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

 The

two types differ mainly in the occlusal design.

outlines and general appearance from all other aspects are similar.

The

SO Direct comparisons of this tooth will be made with the lower first premolar except for the occlusal aspect. Prof. A. El- Sahn

CHRONOLOGY
Initial Calcification Completion of Crown
2 2 years 6 7 years

Eruption Completion of Root

11 12 years
13 14 years
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Buccal Aspect
The Crown

The

crown is larger than that of mandibular first premolar.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Buccal Aspect

The

buccal cusp is shorter and less pointed than on the mandibular first premolar and the mesio-buccal and disto-buccal cusp ridges (cusp slopes) are less steep, more rounded and almost equal. mesial cusp slope has a slight notch.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

Buccal Aspect

The

crown has a somewhat square appearance because it is shorter overall and is wider in the cervical third than the mandibular first premolar.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Buccal Aspect
The contact areas:

Are broad and are in a more occlusal position than on the mandibular first premolars because of the short Prof. A. El- Sahn buccal cusp.

Buccal Aspect
The cervical line

Is less curved than it does on mandibular first premolars.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Buccal Aspect
The

buccal ridge is not well developed.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Buccal Aspect
The Root

The

single root of the second mandibular premolar is larger, longer and broader than that of mandibular first premolar.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Buccal Aspect
The Root
D M

Often,

its buccal surface appears flat, but sometimes shows deep groove. is often curved distally near the apex. root apex is more blunt.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

lt

The

Lingual Aspect
The Crown
a) The three-cusp type
The width of the lingual side of the crown is nearly as wide or may be wider mesio-distally than the buccal side according to the size of the lingual cusps.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

Only

this tooth and the maxillary first molars are wider on the lingual side than on the buccal side.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect
There are two lingual cusps:
The

mesio-lingual cusp is longer and larger than the disto-lingual cusp in most cases. two cusps are not as long as the buccal cusp and are less pointed.

The

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

lingual groove passes between the two lingualcusps and extends a very short distance on the lingual surface of the crown and usually centered over the root.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

b) The two-cusp type:

The lingual surface of the crown is narrower than the buccal surface but not so narrow as the lingual surface of the mandibular first premolar.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

The

single lingual cusp is smaller than the buccal cusp, but it is larger (longer and wider) than the lingual cusp of the mandibular first premolar. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

There

is a slight depression disto-lingually where the distal cusp ridge of the lingual cusp joins the distal marginal ridge.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

The

lingual surface of the crown of all mandibular second premolars is smooth and spheroidal, having a bulbous form above the constricted cervical portion. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect

Since

in most cases there is little lingual convergence of the proximal sides of the crown, less of the mesial and distal sides of this tooth may be seen from this aspect than are seen from the lingual aspect of the mandibular first premolar.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect
Since

the lingual cusps are not as long as the buccal cusp, part of the buccal portion of the occlusal surface may be seen.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Lingual Aspect
The Root
The

root is slightly narrower on the lingual surface than on the buccal surface, but is not so narrower as on mandibular first premolar due to the less lingual convergence.

The

lingual portion of the root is smoothly convex for most of its length. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect
The Crown

The

mesial aspect of mandibular second premolar differs from that of the mandibular first premolar in Prof. A. El- Sahn many respects.

Mesial Aspect

Mand. first

The The

crown is wider bucco-lingually.

buccal outline is slightly less convex than the mandibular first premolar from the crest of curvature to the cusp tip.

The

crest of curvature buccally is somewhat at the junction of the cervical and middle thirds.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect

Lingually:
The crest of curvature is about in the middle of the middle third of the total crown length and is outside the lingual border of the root.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect

Occlusally:
The buccal cusp is not so nearly centered over the root and is shorter than that of the mandibular first premolar. Its tip is on a line at the junction of the buccal and middle thirds (i.e. buccal to Prof. A. El- Sahn the central axis).

Mesial Aspect

In

the three-cusp type, the mesiolingual cusp is shorter than the buccal cusp. mesio-lingual cusp hides the still shorter disto-lingual cusp. Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

Mesial Aspect
In

the two-cusp type, the lingual cusp is shorter than the buccal cusp, but not so much shorter as in the mandibular first premolar.
two cusps are more equal in size than those of the mandibular first premolar.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

Mesial Aspect

The

tip of the mesio-lingual cusp or of the lingual cusp is usually about, on a line with the lingual outline of the root, but not as far towards the lingual as on lower mandibular first premolar. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect
The

mesial marginal ridge is well marked and at right angle to the long axis of the tooth.

It

is more occlusally located than the distal one, so less of the occlusal surface may be seen.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect

There

is no mesio-lingual developmental groove crossing the ridge, but rarely this may occur. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect
The cervical line:

Slightly curves occlusally.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect
The Root

The The

root is wider bucco-lingually.

root tapers apically with the least taper in the cervical third.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Mesial Aspect

The Root
The

root is in most cases slightly convex on the mesial surface, however, it may have longitudinal depression or may be flat. apex of the root is usually more blunt on the mandibular second premolar.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

Distal Aspect

The Crown
The

distal aspect is similar to the mesial aspect, except that more of the occlusal surface may be seen due to the more cervical position of the distal marginal Prof. A. El- Sahn ridge.

Distal Aspect
The

distal marginal ridge is also well marked and concave.

is longer bucco-lingually than the mesial marginal ridge. groove.

It

Rarely,

it is crossed by marginal ridge

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Distal Aspect

The

disto-lingual cusp is usually smaller and shorter than the mesiolingual cusp (Three-cusp type), so both lingual cusps are seen from Prof. A. El- Sahn this aspect.

Distal Aspect
The cervical line:

Is nearly straight.
It is more occlusally located lingually and buccally.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Distal Aspect
The Root

The

distal surface of the root usually has a longitudinal depression in the middle third.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type

Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

occlusal outline is square.

When

the two lingual cusps are large, the lingual side of the occlusal surfaces will be broader than the buccal side.

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

The

three cusps are well developed; the buccal cusp is the larger, followed by the mesio-lingual cusp, and the D disto-lingual cusp is the smallest.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
B

Each

cusp has well-formed triangular ridge. three triangular ridges converge toward a central fossa, which has Prof. A. El- Sahn central pit.

The

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type

The

central pit is located in the middle of the occlusal surface bucco-lingually and slightly distal to the center mesiodistally. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

There

are three developmental grooves radiate from the central pit and form a Y on the occlusal surface and separate the triangular ridges: the mesial, distal and lingual developmental grooves. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

The

long mesial groove extends in a mesio-buccal direction and ends in the mesial triangular fossa just distal to the mesial marginal ridge. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

The

short distal groove extends in a disto-buccal direction and ends in the distal triangular fossa mesial to the distal marginal ridge.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

The

lingual groove extends lingually between the two lingual cusps to the lingual surface for a short distance.

This

the crown.

groove is distal to the center of

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

The

distal triangular fossa is smaller than the mesial one. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

The

mesial and distal marginal ridges Prof. A. El- Sahn are well marked.

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type
M

L
Supplemental

grooves are often seen.

Occasionally,

a groove crosses the mesial or distal or both marginal ridges. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type

The

three-cusp types of mandibular second premolars do not have either a central developmental groove or a transverse ridge. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Three-cusp Type

On

a tooth of this type, the point angles are clear and the developmental grooves are often deep.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type

Occlusal

outline is round lingual to the buccal cusp ridges, giving the crown an oval shape.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type

There

is some lingual convergence of the proximal sides. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type
B

The

mesio-lingual and disto-lingual line angles are rounded.

The

lingual cusp is smaller than the buccal cusp. Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type
The

triangular ridges of the two cusps form a transverse ridge.

is a central developmental groove extends mesio-distally across the occlusal surface.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

There

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type
The

central groove is most often crescent shaped, forming a Ushaped groove pattern on the occlusal surface.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Less

often, the central groove may be straight, forming an H-shaped groove pattern on the occlusal surface.

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type
The
L

lingual cusp of the type with H groove pattern is larger and sharper than the one with the U groove pattern and is often offset to the mesial.

L
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type
The

central groove either runs over the transverse ridge or ploughs through it, making the ridge ill-defined.

The

groove also may be interrupted near its center by the transverse ridge. central groove ends in the mesial and distal fossae. Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type

The

mesial and distal fossae are roughly circular depressions having supplemental grooves radiating from the central groove and it ends at the marginal ridges.
Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type
B
M M D D B

The distal fossa is generally larger than the mesial fossa.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Occlusal Aspect
The Two-cusp Type

Also,

grooves crossing the marginal ridges are occasionally seen.

Prof. A. El- Sahn

Variations

Prof. A. El- Sahn

The

crown may show three cusps (about 47%) or two cusps (about 43%).