Mg.04.

2, 16/09/16

• End Lap
• Crab
• Failure to Achieve Stereoscopic Coverage
• Side Lap
• Drift
• Stereoscopic Neat Model
• Special Overlap and Side Lap
Image Overlap
(for square photographs)

9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 1

 End Lap (Overlap, Forward Overlap)
End lap, the overlapping of
successive photos along a flight
strip
9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM
PE > 50% (about 60%) :
 To prevent gaps from
occurring in the stereoscopic
coverage due to :
• Crab, Tilt,
• Flying height variations, and
• Terrain variations.
 For aerotriangulation,
images of some points (tie
points) must appear on three
successive photographs.
2
 Crab
Exists when
the edges of
the photos in
the x direction
are not
parallel with
the direction
of flight.
It causes a
reduction in
stereoscopic
coverage.

9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 3

 Failure to achieve
stereoscopic
coverage due to tilt.

Failure to achieve
stereoscopic
coverage due to
flying height
variations
9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 4
 Failure to achieve
stereoscopic coverage
due to terrain variations

Kemungkinan terjadinya
single coverage dan gap
pada pemotretan
daerah berbukit
9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 5
 Side Lap
Side lap, the overlapping of adjacent PS (10 – 30 %) :
flight strips  To prevent gap from
occurring between
flight strips as a result
of
• Drift, Crab, Tilt,
• Terrain variations, and
• Flying height variation.

 The elimination of the

need to use the
extreme edges of the
photography, where the
imagery is of poor
quality.

9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 6

 Drift
Cross wind

Planned flight line

Heading
Drift is a failure of the pilot to fly
along planned flight lines.
 It is often caused by
• strong winds, but can also result from
• a lack of definite features and objects shown on the flight map which can be
identified from the air to guide the pilot during photography. (Solved by GPS navigation)
 Excessive drift is the most common cause for gaps in photo coverage; when this
occurs, reflights are necessary.
9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 7
Kemungkinan terjadinya single coverage dan gap pada pemotretan daerah berbukit

9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 8

 Stereoscopic
Neat Model
The neat model is the
stereoscopic area between
adjacent principal points
and extending out sideways
in both directions to the
middle of the side lap.
The neat model has a width
of B and a breadth of W.
Its coverage is important
since it represents the
approximate mapping area
of each stereopair.

9/24/23 01:26 PM Parallax and Stereo, SHM 9