Presentation title: Solar Radiation Title placeholder A Miesian Ideal

Lecture 19.

Shading
Masks

Professor G. Z.
(Charlie) Brown
advocates a balance
point way of thinking.

Solar Modifiers
If you don’t tend to
1. The Solar Constant
shading and visual 7. Surface Shading Devices
comfort, your clients will.
2. Earth’s Movement
And they will not be as The three-dimensional
chipper about it as the 3. Location on Earth character of a surface will
folks below. establish the extent of self
Today we 4. Surface Tilt & Orientation shading that occurs with hour
address and seasonal changes. This may
shading 5. Weather / Climate Patterns be studied graphically using
devices and profile angle projections or sun
strategies 6. Microclimatic Shading path shading mask. Three-
dimensional models and
7. Surface Shading Devices computer programs provide
When, alternate analysis method.
8. Transmission through Glazing
where, and
how much? 9. Surface Absorption
 Arch. 140 SHADE Excel Spreadsheet
WHAT DO YOU NEED? WHAT IS AVAILABLE? When transferred to a sunpath diagram, shading criteria
What are your building’s How much solar energy comes define portions of the sky that a shading device should block.
heating requirements? through your (unshaded) window?

Net Heat Loss Solar Heat Gain

Q net loss = Q env loss – Qi transmitted through a standard
= Energy needed into room window (SHGF) x area of window

Lag Factor Shading Coefficient (SC)

(thermal mass effect) Solar energy transmitted
through your window

Desired Solar Energy Available Solar Energy

through your window through your window

Note that two “shading need” diagrams are required to describe a full
% Shading Needed year with the Fall being warmer than the Spring.

Corbu sketches
Our familiar LOFSAC
Representative Shading Coefficients – a Sun Path Diagram
in the equidistant
polar form
The wall can only ‘see’ the half of the Profile Angle (Ω) used to locate horizon Profile Angle (Ω)
sky vault that lies in front of it. obstructions overlay as
starting point for
plotting horizon
obstruction

Ω = 35º

Horizon Profile Angle (Ω) can similarly be used to

obstruction evaluate horizontal overhangs Plot the horizontal
plotted on overhang on the
Profile Angle (Ω) Profile Angle Ω)
overlay Overhang
overlay Ω = 75º
This assumes Horizon
the horizon Ω = 35º
obstacle is
continuous. Ω = 75º
The horizontal The sunpath And now the
overhang plotted diagram aligned whole diagram
on the Profile with the two sandwich
Angle Ω) Overhang
shading overlays rotated so that
Ω = 75º
overlay south is at the
bottom.

A sunpath overlay
A radiation Some portions
for predicting
overlay for of the sky
transmitted solar
the sun (relative to a
radiation
path wall) are more
diagram important to
shade than
others
50
100
150
200 Btu/ Ft2 hr
The radiation The radiation Continuous horizontal overhang
overlay applied to overlay
a SW-facing wall combined
example with horizon
and 100%
shading
device masks

Radbill Building, Louis Kahn

Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Starting a series of Fuller Moore sketches

Shading depends on the ratio of:
with a depiction of 100% shading with a Depth of overhang to height of glazing
continuous horizontal device.

Different arrangements of horizontal elements all have

same shading characteristics: 60º profile angle
Eye-level vision line remains undisturbed
Radbill Building, Louis Kahn
Philadelphia Pennsylvania
The example expanded by locating a 50% An “eyebrow” horizontal overhang If the horizontal shading device is not continuous – an
shading line on the window and then on the “eyebrow” device then plotting Profile Angles parallel to
shading mask. the window can establish a shading mask cutoff.

Yet another An asymmetrical vertical shading device This example shows the protractor applied to an
LOFSAC overlay – asymmetrical and discontinuous vertical device.
this shading mask
protractor offers
juxtaposed Profile
Angle curves for
plotting
“eyebrow”
devices and a
radial protractor
for vertical
shading elements.

Building by Fernau & Hartman, Hearst & Shattuck

 An “eggcrate” shading device with horizontal An “eggcrate” device with biased vertical
Egg crate shading devices combine vertical and
and vertical elements elements
horizontal elements – in this case symmetrical
vertical fins with a connecting overhang.

Inland Revenue Center, Michael Hopkins, England, Nottingham, UK Mill Owners Association Building, Le Corbusier, Ahmadabad

Wurster Hall Shading Analysis

In this egg crate the vertical fins are biased with a Reading 21 on the Arch. 140 WWW site provides step-
resulting asymmetrical shading by-step instructions for constructing a Wurster Hall Wurster is generally well shaded by a combination of
shading overlay. Let’s review the process. horizontal and vertical devices

Rectilinear view of courtyard Fisheye from courtyard

 Horizontal Overhang – 50% shading
Wurster Hall Window – East Courtyard Development of 50% Shading Mask

Section perpendicular to window

Shading is provided by a horizontal overhang (with gaps) & vertical fins Fisheye view from mid-point of window 30° profile angle from mid-point of window
following the structural bay. (50% shading) (50% shading) to outer edge of overhang

Locating the gaps in the horizontal overhang – 50% shading

Horizontal Overhang – 50% shading Horizontal
Overhang –
50% shading •
•
Ω=35°

Ω=40°

Window plane

Section parallel Section

to window (or, Elevation)
parallel to window
50% Shading Mask Fisheye view & profile
30° profile angle represents angle overlay
35° and 40° profile angles from mid-point of window to
Edge of overhang
horizontal overhang follows Ω = 30° inner and outer edges of the gap between overhangs
Locating the gaps in the horizontal overhang – 50% shading Vertical Fins – 50% shading Vertical Fins – 50% shading

γ = 60°

Window plane
Plan

30° measured from window plane @ mid-point (50% shading)

to outer edge of vertical fin
or
60° measured from normal = surface solar azimuth (γ)
50% Shading Mask 50% Shading Mask
35° and 40° profile angles represent gaps between sunshades 30° from window plane represents vertical fins

Normal to window Normal to window faces 101°East of South

Normal to window
Final 50% Shading Mask
How much shading here?

Window plane
Window plane

Window plane
50% Shading
Mask overlaid
on Sun Path
Diagram
Final 50% Shading Mask
Horizontal Overhangs + Gaps + Vertical Fins
 Let’s rotate our overlay to fit the south facade Horizontal Overhang – 100% shading

Fisheye view
& sun path
diagram

Window plane
50% Shading
Mask overlaid
on Sun Path
Diagram Section perpendicular to window

50° profile angle from bottom of window

(100% shading) to outer edge of overhang

Vertical Fins – 100% shading

But wait -- it is time for the 7th inning stretch

Plan
Plan

45° measured from window plane @ far end (100% shading) Final 100% Shading Mask
to outer edge of vertical fin Horizontal Overhangs + Vertical Fins
 The PEC Heliodon Norbert Lechner’s Model 126 heliodon
Phoenix Central Even relatively crude
Library, physical models can
Will Bruder, AZ, convey detailed
1993-1995. information when studied
on a heliodon – great for
complex geometries.

See http://www.hpd-online.com/heliodon.htm

GZ Brown’s Better Bricks Lab heliodon WHAT DO YOU NEED? WHAT IS AVAILABLE?
The Arch. 140 Pocket Heliodon What are your building’s How much solar energy comes
heating requirements? through your (unshaded) window?

Net Heat Loss Solar Heat Gain

Q net loss = Q env loss – Qi transmitted through a standard
= Energy needed into room window (SHGF) x area of window

Lag Factor Shading Coefficient (SC)

(thermal mass effect) Solar energy transmitted
through your window

Desired Solar Energy Available Solar Energy

through your window through your window

% Shading Needed

Arch. 140 SHADE Excel Spreadsheet
The orthographic or rectilinear sunpath diagram
(also called a Waldren diagram)
Dr. Andrew Marsh’s SOLAR TOOL
Three methods for plotting polar sunpath diagrams
A fine aide in visualizing overhangs,
shading devices and louvers easy. This
software quickly determines solar
penetration into buildings,
overshadowing or the effect of various
means used to shade a window.
The program uses a flexible, parametric
model on which can be placed any
number of horizontal, vertical and
detached shades. You can select any
date, time or location, seeing
immediately the resulting shadows whilst
interactively manipulating the geometry
to show immediately the effects.
See http://squ1.com/products/solartool
Dr. Andrew Marsh’s SOLAR TOOL
Books that show techniques:
A fine aide in visualizing overhangs,
shading devices and louvers easy. This
• Architectural Graphic Standards
software quickly determines solar
penetration into buildings, • The Passive Solar Energy Book, Mazria
overshadowing or the effect of various
means used to shade a window. • Solar Control and Shading Devices, Olgyay & Olgyay
The program uses a flexible, parametric • Design with Climate, Olgyay
model on which can be placed any
number of horizontal, vertical and
detached shades. You can select any
date, time or location, seeing
immediately the resulting shadows whilst
interactively manipulating the geometry
to show immediately the effects.
See http://squ1.com/products/solartool