Scan-Line Method Back-face Detection (Plane equation Method) Sweep Representation:

- It is an image-space method for identifying visible
surface.
- It computes and compares depth values along
the various scan lines for the scene.
- Surfaces are processed using information stored
in the polygon
things. Sotable.
we cannot
- An active
classlist of edges is formed for each scan
ExtraCurricularActivities
line which stores
{ float only those edges that
extra_curricular_marks;
crossesfloat
the getExtraCurricularMarks()
scan line in order of increasing ‘x’.
- Also a flag is set for each surface that is set on or
off to indicate whether a position along
a scan line is either inside or outside the surface.
- Pixel position across each scan-line are processed
from left to right.
- At the left intersection with a surface the surface
flag is turned on and at the right
intersection point the flag is turned off.
- We only need to perform depth calculation when
more than one surface has its flag
turned on at a certain scan-line position
Advantage:
- Any number of overlapping polygon surfaces can
be processed with this method.
Limitation:
- The scan line method runs into trouble when
surface cut through each other or otherwise
cyclically overlap. Such surface need to be divided.
A fast and simple object space method used to
remove hidden surface from a 3D object
drawing is known as "Plane equation method".
A point (x, y, z) is inside a surface with plane
parameter A, B, C & D if
Ax + By + Cz + D < 0
i.e. it is in back face.
For the left handed viewing system if the ‘z’
component of the normal vector is positive,
then it is back face. If the ‘z’ component of the
vector is negative then it is a front face.
- For the right handed viewing system if the ‘z’
component of the normal vector is
negative, then it is back face. If the ‘z’
component of the vector is positive then it is a
front face.
Limitations:
- This method works fine for convex polyhedral,
but not necessarily for concave
polyhedral or overlapping objects. So, we need
to apply other methods to further
determine where the obscured faces are
partially or completely hidden by other objects
(e.g. Using Depth-Buffer Method or Depth-sort
Method).
- This method can only be used on solid objects
modeled as a polygon mesh.
- Sweep representations create solid by moving a
2D shape (triangle, rectangle, polygon
etc.) according to predefined rule (translating,
rotating).
- Sweep representations are used to construct 3D
object from 2D shape that have some
kind of symmetry.
- For example, a prism can be generated using a
translational sweep and rotational sweeps
can be used to create curved surfaces like an
ellipsoid or a torus.
- There are two types sweep representation:
Translational Sweep: A 2D shape is translated by
a predefined translational vector.
Example: following figure shows a translational
sweep of rectangle.
Rotational Sweep: A 2D shape is rotated around a
predefined rotational axis.
Example: following figure shows a rotational
sweep.

–
Boundary representation:
- The solids are described by its boundary surface.
Uses the description by vertices, edges
and faces.
- The most common representation is the
boundary polygons.
- Will be considered only with solid border 2-
manifolds(wherever the point is each edge
shared by two faces) i.e. the neighbors of any
point of the border point are on a disk (that
is to say that each edge is shared by two faces)
Octree Representation (Solid-object
representation)
This is the space-partitioning method for 3D solid
object representation. Octrees are
hierarchical tree structures that describes each
region space as nodes. They are used to
represent solid objects in some graphics system.
- Medical imaging and other applications that
require displays of object cross sections
commonly use octree representation. E.g. CT-scan.
Octrees are used to partition a 3D space by
recursively subdividing it into eight octants.
Octant subdivisions continue until the region of
space contains only homogeneous octants.
- Octrees are often used in 3D graphics and 3D
game engines.
Cubic spline
- It is used to set up path for object motions or to
provide a representation for an existing
object or drawings.
- Compared to higher-order polynomials, cubic
splines requires less calculation and
memory and they are more stable. Compared to
lower-order polynomials, cubic splines
are more flexible for modeling arbitrary curve
shapes.
Advantages:
- Cubic interpolation spline is obtained by fitting
- It provides a convenient representation for
the input points with a piecewise cubic
storing information about object interiors.
polynomial curve that passes through every
- They can represent arbitrary shapes and that
control points.
we can quickly analyze what is present at a
Suppose we have n+1 control points having co-
specific position in space.
ordinates
Disadvantages:
Pk = (xk, yk, zk) K = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... ... ... . , n
- Imprecise representation, high storage
demands and complex transformation
Wireframe representation
operations.
- If an object may be represented through the
collection of points and line then it’s called
Solid Modeling
wireframe object.
Solid modeling is a consistent set of principles
- It’s used to define skeleton of 3D objects in
for mathematical and computer modeling of
terms of points and lines.
three-dimensional solids.
- Mostly use in field of engineering drawings to
- A mathematical technique for representing
represent the drawing of structure and
solid objects.
missing parts.
- An object with following specification is called
- Wireframe represented object requires less
solid: Vertices, edges, surfaces, weight, and
memory for storage and fast for display and
volume.
surface rendering.
Solid modeling is based on complete, valid and
- In this method the scenes represented are not
unambiguous geometric representation of
realistic.
physical object.
- Complete: points in space can be classified.
(inside/outside).
- Valid: Vertices, edges, faces are connected
properly.
- Unambiguous: there can be only one
interpretation of object.