Computer Graphics: Raster Scan display - The display processor is a separate processor

Computer graphics is a field related to the - In raster scan system, the electron beam is swept that performs graphics function such as scan
generation of graphics using computer. It includes across the screen, one row at a time conversion and raster operation.
the creation, storage and manipulation of images from top to bottom. As electron beam moves - System memory holds data and those program
of object. These objects come from diverse across each row, the beam intensity is that execute on the CPU.
field such as medicine, physical, mathematical, turned on and off to create a pattern of - The display processor memory holds data plus
engineering, architecture,
things. So we cannot entertainment, illuminated spots. program that perform scan conversion and
advertisement.
class ExtraCurricularActivities - Picture definition is stored in memory called raster operation.
- It is related to the generation and the
{ float extra_curricular_marks; frame buffer or refresh buffer. This memory - The frame buffer stores displayable image
representation of graphics by a computer using
float getExtraCurricularMarks() holds the set of intensity values for all the screen created by scan conversion & raster operation.
specialized graphic hardware and software. The points. Stored intensity values are then Advantages:
graphics can be photographs, drawings, retrieved from the frame buffer and painted on - It has an ability to fill the areas with solid colors
movies, or simulation etc. the screen one row at a time. or patterns
- Computer graphics today is largely interactive; - Returning of electron beam from right end to left - The time required for refreshing is independent
that is the user controls the contents end after refreshing each scan line is of the complexity of the image
structure and appearance of images of the objects called horizontal retrace. - Low cost
by using input devices such as - At the end of each frame, the electron beam Disadvantages:
keyboard, mouse, or touch sensitive panel on the returns to the top left corner to begin next - Its resolution is poor.
screen. frame called vertical retrace. - For Real-Time dynamics not only the end points
Applications of Computer Graphics are required to move but all the pixels in
Different application area of computer graphics: between the moved end points have to be scan
- Graphical user interface (GUI) converted with appropriate algorithms
- Entertainment which might slow down the dynamic process.
- Education and training
- Computer animation Random Scan (Vector) Display
- Simulation and modeling - In random scan system, the electron beam is
- Office automation directed only to the part of screen where the
- Image processing picture is to be drawn. It draws a picture one line
- Research at a time, so it is also called vector
- Computer art There is a special purpose processor called video display.
- Cartography controller or display controller, is used to control - Picture definition is stored as a set of line
- Computer aided design (CAD) the operation of the display device. drawing commands in an area of memory called
- When a particular command is called by the refresh display file.
application program, the graphics subroutine - To display a picture, the system cycles through
package sets the appropriate pixels in the frame the set of commands in the display file.
buffer. The video controller then cycles After all commands are processed, the system
through the frame buffer, one scan line at a time. cycle backs to the first line command in the
It will bring a value of each pixel contained in the list.
frame buffer and uses it to control the intensity
of the CRT electron beam.
– beam.
Video Controller Application of Computer Graphics
Computer Art:
Using computer graphics we can create fine and
commercial art which include animation
packages, paint packages. These packages provide
facilities for designing object shapes and
specifying object motion.Cartoon drawing,
The graphics command in the application program paintings, logo design can also be done.
are translated by the graphics package Computer Aided Drawing:
into a display list (display file) stored in system Designing of buildings, automobile, aircraft is
memory. The display list is accessed by done with the help of computer aided drawing,
the display processor to refresh the screen. The this helps in providing minute details to the
display processor cycles through each drawing and producing more accurate and sharp
command in the display list once during each drawings with better specifications.
It is a special-purpose processor used to control Presentation Graphics:
refresh cycle.
the operation of the display device. For the preparation of reports or summarising the
- Graphics are drawn on a vector display system by
- Two Registers (x and y) are used to store screen financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific,
directing the electron beam along
pixel coordinates. economic data for research reports, managerial
component lines of the picture.
- Initially, x = 0 and y = 0 reports, moreover creation of bar graphs, pie
Advantages:
- As first scan line is generated, the x register is charts, time chart, can be done using the tools
- Can produce output with high resolutions.
incremented up to xmax. Each pixel value present in computer graphics.
- Better for animation than raster system since
is fetched and used to control the intensity of CRT Entertainment:
only end point information is needed.
beam. After first scan line, x register Computer graphics finds a major part of its utility
- Cannot fill area with pattern and manipulate bits.
address is reset to 0 and y register address is in the movie industry and game industry. Used for
- Refreshing image depends upon its complexity
incremented by 1. The process is continued creating motion pictures , music video, television
until the last scan line (y = ymax) is generated. shows, cartoon animation films. In the game
Raster and Vector Graphics
A raster image is made up of pixels, each a industry where focus and interactivity are the key
different color, arranged to display an image players, computer graphics helps in providing
where as a vector image is made up of paths, each such features in the efficient way.
with a mathematical formula (vector), that Education:
tells the path how it is shaped and what color it is Computer generated models are extremely useful
bordered with or filled by. for teaching huge number of concepts and
fundamentals in an easy to understand and learn
manner. Using computer graphics many
educational models can be created through which
more interest can be generated among the
students regarding the subject.