MAP PROJ ECTIONS

Characteristics of maps

·· Definition of map projection

·· Generating Globe
·Projection Plane (nature and Aspect),

·Developable Surface

·· Properties of Projection

Classification of Map Projection

 MAP - Nature and characteristics
D Graphic representation of the geographical setting i.e. Communicate geographical
information graphically
D Printed depiction of the Earth's surface as a whole or part of it on a plane sheet of paper.
So,
• All geographical maps are reductions. --Scale.
• All maps involve geometrical transformations. -- Map projection.
• All maps are abstractions of reality.
• All maps use signs to stand for elements of reality.

Cartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects.It is an efficient way of
manipulating, analysing and expressing ideas, forms and relationships that occur in two- and
three-dimensional space.

Processes in Cartography
• Collecting and selecting the data for mapping
• Manipulating and generalising the data, designing and constructing the map
• Reading or view the map
• Responding to or interpreting the information
PROJECTION - Imposition of an object on any other surface with a particular viewpoint
or perspective.

MAP PROJECTION :
> is a means of drawing of Earth's surface on a plain sheet of paper
> drawing of Graticules ( net of lines of Latitudes and meridians of Longitudes)
> transformation of 3 dimensional Globe on a 2 dimensional plane.
N

Generating s
Globe
GENERATING GLOBE
It is a Globe from which the projections are to be developed.
It is looked upon as a glass or wire skeleton Globe on which
the meridians and parallels are marked.
 Representationof the Earth
Earth by a mathematical figure

Scale

Map projection
.
Map
""""IC.

Generating
globe

The map projection process: the sphere, approximated by a mathematical figure is

reduced to a generating globe that is projected on a flat surface.
(after Canters and Decleir 1989)
DEVELOPABLE SURFACES
A surface that can be made flat by cutting it along certain lines and
unfolding or unrolling it.
Cones, Cylinders, & Planes are all developable surfaces.
•Cones = conical projections
•Cylinders = cylindrical projections
•Planes = planar projections

Projection Plane
Cy.linde Cone Plane
r

Planar
Cylindrical Conical
Developa ble Surface
 PROJECTION PLANE

The plane that touches the generating Globe at a point. This

point of tangency is truly represented on projection. It may be a
plane , a cylinder or a Cone

Nature of Projection Planes

Planar

......_
Cirlindrical Conical
 Map Projection: Characteristics

The following properties would be present on map projection

•Areas are everywhere correctly represented
•All distances are correctly represented.
•All directions on the map are the same as on Earth
•All angles are correctly represented.
•The shape of any area is correctly represented

It is, unfortunately, impossible to have all these properties together in one map
projection.
 Classification of Projections

A. On the basis of Viewpoint of Map Projection- 1.Perspective

2. Non- Perspective

B.On the basis of Nature Projection plane - 1. Planar

2.Cylindrical
3.Conical
4. Conventional
(Mathematical)

C. On the basis of properties maintained in the Projection -

1.Equidistant
2.Equal Area
3.Orthomorphic
4.Azimuthal
5.Aphylactic

Contd..--
D. On the basis of Aspect of the Projection Plane -
1. Normal Case
2. Equatorial Case (Transverse)
3. Obilique Case)

/
ormal Transverse Obliq
ue

Contd..--
E . On the basis of the position of the source of Light - 1.Gnomonic
2.Stereographic
3. Orthographic

Projection plane N P3 P2 Pl

s
 Planar Projection

Secant Tangent
Standard
Parallel

Tangent at a single paralJeJ Secant at two parallels

Map Projection in Common Use
Several hundreds of map projections have been described in several
books.But, most commonly used map projections are

A.Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)- The UTM is a secant,, cylindrical

projection in a transverse position

B.Polyconic- early maps in the International Map of the World

{1:1,,000,,000 scale) series and for topographic mapping in some countries.

C.Lambert Confomal Conic
D.Stereographic projection.