PNEUMATIC

PNEUMATIC

TRAINING DEPARTMENT
BASIC
CIRCUIT
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
 DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT

WATER
TRAP

COMPRESSOR DRYER

FRL

VALVE REGULATOR
PISTON

REGULATOR DISTRIBUTOR

VALVE REGULATOR

PISTON
COMPRESSORS
 PISTON
ALTERNATIVE

MEMBRANE

FIXED
DISPLACEMENT
BLADES

COMPRESSORS ROTARY SCREW

ROOTS
VARIABLE
DISPLACEMENT

AXIAL
TURBO
COMPRESSORS

RADIAL
 PISTON
ALTERNATIVES

MEMBRANE

FIXED
DISPLACEMENT
BLADES

COMPRESSORS ROTARY SCREW

ROOTS
VARIABLE
DISPLACEMENT

AXIAL
TURBO
COMPRESSORS

RADIAL
DRYERS
 INLET

COOLER

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET
AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
 INLET

AIR WITH
WATER DROPS

COOLER
WATER Air

WATER OUTLET
AIR OUTLET
PIPELINES
WE MAY CONSIDER THREE
KINDS OF PIPELINES

1) MAIN PIPELINE

2) SECONDARY PIPELINE

3) SERVICE PIPELINE
 MAIN
PIPELINE
IT CONVEYS THE FULL VOLUME
IN A COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM , THE PRESSURE , TEMPERATURE
AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR INHALED BY THE COMPRESSOR,
ARE THOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
IN A COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM , THE PRESSURE TEMPERATURE AND
RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR INHALED BY THE COMPRESSOR, ARE
THOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
IN A COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM , THE PRESSURE , TEMPERATURE
AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR INHALE BY THE COMPRESSOR,
ARE THOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

WHEN AIR IS COMPRESSED AT A HIGHER PRESSURE, AN INCREASE

IN TEMPERATURE TAKES PLACE.

THIS COMPRESSED AIR, COOLS DOWN TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL

TEMPERATURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION PIPE LINE, AND SOME OF ITS
HUMIDITY WILL BE CONDENSED, FORMING WATER DROPS.
IN A COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM , THE PRESSURE , TEMPERATURE
AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR INHALED BY THE COMPRESSOR,
ARE THOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

WHEN AIR IS COMPRESSED AT A HIGHER PRESSURE, AN INCREASE

IN TEMPERATURE TAKES PLACE.

THIS COMPRESSED AIR, COOLS DOWN TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL

TEMPERATURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION PIPE LINE, AND SOME OF ITS
HUMIDITY WILL BE CONDENSED, FORMING WATER DROPS.
THIS WATER DROPS CONCENTRATE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE
PIPE LINE
FOR THIS REASON, THE PIPE LINE SHOULD BE PLACED WITH A 3%
INCLINATION FOLLOWING THE AIR FLOW DIRECTION.
FOR THIS REASON, THE PIPE LINE SHOULD BE PLACED WITH A 3%
INCLINATION FOLLOWING THE AIR FLOW DIRECTION.
 SECONDARY
PIPE LINE
ARE THOSE BRANCHED FROM THE MAIN PIPE
LINE AND DISTRIBUTED BY AREAS.
VALVE VALVE

DRAIN DRAIN
 ALL INTAKES AND CONNECTIONS IN THE
SECONDARY PIPE LINE SHOULD BE
DONE LATERALLY, PLACING AT THE LOWER
PORTION A DRAIN VALVE

VALVE VALVE

DRAIN DRAIN
 SERVICE
PIPE LINES
THEY ARE BRANCHES OF THE SECONDARY PIPE LINES AND
ARE CONNECTED TO THE PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT
 SERVICE PIPELINE

WHEN PLACING SERVICE PIPELINES, IT IS

VERY IMPORTANT TO FORM SMOOTH
CURVES IN THE PIPELINE, IN ORDER TO
VALVE DIMINISH LOAD LOSSES.

DRAIN
 SOME ADVISE FOR AIR DISTRIBUTION
TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN PLACING PIPELINES :

1) SELECT THE SHORTEST PATH

2 ) KEEP IT AS STRAIGHT AS POSSIBLE

3 ) AVOID ABRUPT CHANGE OF DIRECTION

4 ) AVOID ABRUPT CHANGE IN DIAMETER

5 ) IF POSSIBLE, KEEP IT VISIBLE TO FACILITATE INSPECTION.

6 ) PLACE STOP VALVES AT SHORT INTERVALS, FOR REPAIRS AND SERVICING, AVOIDING LARGE
AREAS OUT OF SERVICE.

7 ) THE AIR INTAKES SHOULD NEVER BE PLACED AT THE LOWER PORTION

OF THE PIPE LINES, BUT IN THE UPPER PART, IN ORDER TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OF THE
EQUIPMENT DUE TO CONDENSATES.

8 ) THE AIR INTAKES IN DESCENDING PIPELINES SHOULD BE PLACED LATERALLY, WITH DRAIN POINT
AT THE END OF THE LEG .
 SAFE WORKING
1 ) STOP PNEUMATIC FLOW BEFORE ANY REPAIRS

2 ) LOCK OR TAG OUT THE CIRCUIT TO AVOID SUDDEN

ENERGY GENERATION

3 ) CHECK THE SYSTEM FOR ANY REMAINING PRESSURE

4 ) USE ALL THE SPECIFIC SAFETY ELEMENTS FOR THIS

OPERATION
FILTER - REGULATOR - LUBRICATOR

F R L
FILTER
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
TOP
VIEW
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
WATER
AIR
Centrifuge Deflector

Deflecting
bell
Filter Element

Closing
deflector
Calm zone

DRAIN WATER
AIR
water
AIR
REGULATOR
 BLOCKING KNOB

ACTION KNOB

SPRING FOR THE DRAIN OUTLET

MANEUVERING PIN

PISTON
REGULATING
SCREW

OUTLET
INLET

FILTER

CLOSING
VALVE

PRIMARY ZONE SECONDARY ZONE

A Newton is the force applied to a body with a mass equal to
1 Kg, gaining an acceleration of 1 m/s 2

M =1 Kg
2
1 Meter / S

1N = 1 Kg . 1 m
s2
 PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS THE STRENGTH APPLIED OVER THE SURFACE UNIT

2
 PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS THE STRENGTH APPLIED OVER THE SURFACE UNIT

1 NEWTON
 PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS THE STRENGTH APPLIED OVER THE SURFACE UNIT

1 NEWTON
 PRESSURE

PRESSURE IS THE STRENGTH APPLIED OVER THE SURFACE UNIT

1 NEWTON
1m

1m

1 PASCAL

WILL HAVE 1 PASCAL ( PA ) OF PRESSURE WHENEVER THE FORCE OF 1 N ACTS OVER A SURFACE OF 1 m
since the Pascal is a small unit, the Bar unit is used instead,
given that:

1 bar = 100.000 P
Lubricator

The air coming into the lubricator

is forced to go through a Venturi
device, thus, increasing its velocity
and reducing the pressure at the
Venturi’s narrowest portion. The oil
will go up the aspiration pipe line,
across a retention valve, which
prevents back flow, and allows the
oil to go through a needle valve,
which regulates dripping into the
air flow .
ONS
TONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
PISTONS
 PISTON ROD
SHOCK ABSORBER AXLE BOX
FOR STROKE BRAKING

SHAFT

PISTON ROD GUIDE RING

MADE OF LOW FRICTION
COEFFICIENT RESIN,
PROTECTING THE PIPELINE
SURFACE

ISO SCREW THREAD

FOR SHAFT CONNECTION

AUTO-ADJUSTABLE
EXPANSION JOINTS
 PISTON ROD
SHOCK ABSORBER AXLE BOX
FOR STROKE BRAKING

SHAFT

ISO SCREW THREAD

FOR SHAFT CONNECTION

AUTO-ADJUSTABLE
EXPANSION JOINTS
 PISTON ROD
SHOCK ABSORBER AXLE BOX
FOR STROKE BRAKING

SHAFT

ISO SCREW THREAD

FOR SHAFT CONNECTION
PISTON ROD
PISTON ROD GUIDE RING
MADE OF LOW FRICTION
COEFFICIENT RESIN,
PROTECTING THE PIPE
LINE SURFACE

MAGNETIC RING THAT ACTIVATES

THE ELECTRIC POSITION DETECTOR
PISTON MADE OF A HIGH RESISTANCE
ALUMINUM ALLOY
 PNEUMATIC CONNECTION
ACCORDING TO ISO NORM

LEAK PROOF SEAL WITH SHOCK ABSORBER CONTROL

SHAFT CLEANSING LIP VALVE

SYNTHESIZE BRASS AXLE BOX

WITH A HIGH LUBRICATING CAPACITY SHOCK ABSORBER FLOATING
DISC VALVE
 PNEUMATIC CONNECTION
ACCORDING TO ISO NORM

LEAK PROOF SEAL WITH SHOCK ABSORBER CONTROL FLANGE TO CENTER

SHAFT CLEANSING LIP VALVE ASSEMBLY

BRASS AXLE BOX

WITH A HIGH LUBRICATING CAPACITY SHOCK ABSORBER FLOATING
DISC VALVE
SHOCK ABSORBER

CHAMBER
SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH FRONT SPRING

SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH REAR SPRING

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH SINGLE SHAFT

 DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH 2 PISTONS AND A SINGLE SHAFT

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

WITH 2 SHAFTS
COUPLED DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS
WITH INDEPENDENT ACTION
( MULTI-POSITION )
DOUBLE ACTING TANDEM CYLINDERS

WITH DOUBLE SHAFT

VALVES
VALVES
THE DEVICES IN A PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT,
DISTRIBUTING OR DIRECTING COMPRESSED AIR INTO
THE WORKING ELEMENTS, ARE THE SYSTEM’S MOTOR
ORGANS. (CYLINDERS, ROLLING ACTUATORS, ETC.)
THE BODY OF THESE VALVES HAVE SEVERAL ORIFICES

INTAKE
DISCHARGE DISCHARGE

SERVICE ORIFICES
 THEY ARE IDENTIFIED BY LETTERS OR NUMBERS

N° LETTERS
SERVICE ORIFICES 2-4 A.B.C

INTAKE 1 P

DISCHARGES 3-5 R.S.T

PILEWORK CONNECTIONS 12 - 14 Z.Y.X

 MOUTHS
THOSE ARE THE NUMBER OF ORIFICES IN THE
VALVE EXCEPT FOR THE PILEWORK, AND ARE
USED FOR CLASSIFICATION, ACCORDINGLY
WITH THIS NUMBER.

1 2 3

I.E. 5 MOUTHS .

4 5
 ROADS
ROADS
WE CALL ROADS THE NUMBER OF
ORIFICES UNDER CONTROL BY THE VALVE.

I.E. 4 ROADS
THE VALVES ARE REPRESENTED BY SQUARES
THE VALVES ARE REPRESENTED BY SQUARES

THE AMOUNT OF SQUARES INDICATES THE

NUMBER OF POSITIONS
THE VALVES ARE REPRESENTED BY SQUARES

THE AMOUNT OF SQUARES INDICATES THE

NUMBER OF POSITIONS

SCHEMATICALLY, THE ROADS ARE REPRESENTED

INTERNALLY BY ARROWS, INDICATING AS WELL
FLUID CIRCULATION
THE CLOSED MOUTHS ARE INDICATED BY TRANSVERSAL LINES
THE CLOSED MOUTHS ARE INDICATED BY TRANSVERSAL LINES

VALVE CONNECTIONS ARE REPRESENTED BY LINES

ATTACHED TO THE SQUARE, INDICATING THE OUTLET
OR RESTING POSITION.
THE CLOSED MOUTHS ARE INDICATED BY TRANSVERSAL LINES

VALVE CONNECTIONS ARE REPRESENTED BY LINES

ATTACHED TO THE SQUARE, INDICATING THE OUTLET
OR RESTING POSITION.

POSITIONS MAY BE IDENTIFIED BY LETTERS

a,b,c,x, y
 3 POSITIONS VALVE - CENTRAL
a o b RESTING POSITION
 3 POSITIONS VALVE -CENTRAL
a o b RESTING POSITION
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 1
3 5

2 4
 5/2 VALVE
1- INTAKE
POSITION 1 2 - 4 - SERVICE
3 - 5 - BUNGS

POSITION 2

1
3 5
1
3 5

2 4

2 4
 CONTROLS

REFERS TO THE VALVES ACTUATION DEVICE

 MANUAL CONTROL

GENERAL

BUTTON

LEVER

PEDAL
 MECHANICAL CONTROL

BY FEELER

BY SPRING

BY ROLLER

BY ROLLER ON LEVER ARM,

SPHERE, ETC.
 PNEUMATIC CONTROL

Direct Control

BY
PRESSURE
Indirect Control

BY DISCHARGE

BY DIFFERENTIAL AREAS
COIL

PILOT

VALVE
BODY
COIL

PILOT

VALVE
BODY
COIL

PILOT

VALVE
BODY
COIL

PILOT

VALVE
BODY
COIL

PILOT

VALVE
BODY
COIL

PILOT

VALVE
BODY
 UNIDIRECTIONAL ITS MAIN APPLICATION IS THE SPEED
REGULATION OF PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS,
FLOW REGULATOR THEREFORE, INSTALLED IN A CYLINDER INLET VIA
 1

A
0
1

B
0
1

C
0
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

B
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
0
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
 C

1
A
0
1
B B
0
1
C
 C

0
1
B
0
1
ADHESIVE
 AIR

ADHESIVE
 AIR

ADHESIVE
 AIR

ADHESIVE
 FLOW TO DETERMINE
CONTROL POINTS

IDENTIFY AND GRAPH EXISTING

CIRCUITS IN EACH SECTOR

RESTORE EACH CIRCUIT

AIR LOSSES MARKING FOR

Identify manometers VISUAL CONTROL

MAKE INDEPENDENT
ELABORATE TENTATIVE GENERATE KAIZEN IN ORDER
TO REDUCE INSPECTION ITEMS
INSPECTION NORMS

CONDUITS FIX LOCATION

AND PLACE AS VISIBLE DEFINE INSPECTION METHODS
GENERATE KAIZEN IN ORDER
TO FACILITATE INSPECTION
AS POSSIBLE

GENERATE KAIZEN IN ORDER

DEFINE INSPECTION PERIODS TO DETERMINE PROPER
Standardization INSPECTION PERIODS

INCORPORATE NEW IDEAS TO

Finding places GENERATE A PROPER INSPECTION
“FUGUAI” WITHOUT OMISSION AND WITH
VISUAL CONTROL