First Law of Thermodynamics

application to Control Volume

Systems
 Mass balance

Flow Work
Wflow = FL = PAL = PV (kJ)
wflow = P υ (kJ/kg)

Energy balance
 Energy balance

First Law of Thermodynamics Formula for Control Volume Systems

What the units of this equation?

When the fluid experiences negligible changes in its kinetic and potential energies
A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following state:
Pressure 1.2 MPa, temperature 188°C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and elevation 3
m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: Pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg,
velocity 100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If
the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine
in kW?
For cases where mass flow rateat inlet and exit is same
 2 2 
 V  V
Q  W  m u2  u1    p2v2  p1v1  
. . . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 
 2 
-0.29 kj/s = W + 0.42 kg/s { (2512-2785)kj/kg + 4.445 kj/kg + (0-3)9.81/1000 kj/kg}

-0.29 = W + 0.42 { -273 + 4.445 – 0.02943} = W - 125.1537

W = 112.51 kj/s or kw
  2 2 
. V  V
Q  W  m u2  u1    p2v2  p1v1  
. . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 
 2 
-58 kW = W + 0.5[90+38-0.012] kJ/s = -122 kW

V1 A1 V2 A2 A1  ( / 4) * d12 V2 * v1
1V1 A1  2V2 A2  
2
 Dia ratio = (0.95*5/0.19*7)1/2 = (3.57)1/2 = 1.89
v1 v2 A2  ( / 4) * d 2 v2 * V1
  2 2 
. V  V
Q  W  m u2  u1    p2 v2  p1v1  
. . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 
 2 
W. Q.  V22  V12 

 u2  u1   .
  2 2
p v  p1 1
v    2 1 
Z  Z g
m 
 2 

= 135 – (-9) + {(100*062-600*.37)+(2702-162/2*1000)+(0-32)*9.81/1000)

= 144 + {-160+36.45-0.314) = 20.136kj/kg

Specific Internal energy decreased by 20.136 kj/kg

 Q-1. 1n a steam power station, steam flows steadily through a 0.2 m diameter pipeline from
the boiler to the turbine. At the boiler end the steam conditions are found to be: p = 4 MPa, t
= 400°C, h = 3213.6 kJ/kg, and v = 0.073 m3/kg. At the turbine end, the conditions are
found to be: p = 3.5 MPa, t = 392°C, h = 3202.6 kJ/kg,. and v = 0.084 m3/kg. There is a heat
loss of 8.5kj/kg from the pipeline. Calculate the steam flow rate.
Since velocities are not provided,

V1 A1 V2 A2 v2V1
 A1 = A2  V2 V2 = 0.084/0.073V1 = 1.15V1
v1 v2 v1
 2 2 
. V  V 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 


-8.5kj/kg = 0 + { (3202.6 – 3243.6)kj/kg + ((1.15V1)2-V21 )/2 *1000 + (0)}

-8.5 = 0 - 11 + 0.3225V21/2000
2.5*2000/0.3225 = V21 V1 A1
m. 
v1 m. = 124.5m/s * (Pi/4)*(0.2)2/0.073 = 53.5 kg/s
V1= 124.5 m/s  V2 = 143.2 m/s
Q-2. A certain water heater operates under steady flow conditions receiving 4.2 kg/s of water at 75°C
temperature, enthalpy 313.93kJ/kg. The water is heated by mixing with steam which is supplied to the
heater at temperature l00.2°C and enthalpy 2676 kJ/kg. The mixture leaves the heater as liquid water at
temperature 100°C and enthalpy 419 kJ/kg. How much steam must be supplied to the heater per hour,
given that the water heater is perfectly insulated and ignore potential energy and kinetic energy of the system?
Since there are 2 inlets and 1 exit

 
 m V 2
 m V 2
 m V 2
1 1  
Q  W   m3h3  m3h2  m3h1   
. . 3 3 2 2
   m3Z 3  m2 Z 2  m1Z1  g 
  2  

0   m3 h3  m2 h2  m1h1  m1h1  m2 h2  m3h3 m3  m2  m1

4.2*313.93 + m2*2676 = (4.2+m2)*419
1318.506 + m2 * 2676 = 1759.8+419m2 =

m2 * 2257 = 441.294

m2 = 0.1955kg/s  704 kg/hour

Q-3. A gas flows steadily through a rotary compressor. The gas enters the compressor at a temperature of 16°C, a
pressure of 100 kPa, and an enthalpy of 391.2 kJ/kg. The gas leaves the compressor at a temperature of 245°C, a
pressure of 0.6 MPa, and an enthalpy of 534.5 kJ/kg. There is no heat transfer to or from the gas as it flows
through the compressor.
(a) Evaluate the external work done per unit mass of gas assuming the gas velocities at entry and exit to be
negligible.
(b) Evaluate the external work done per unit mass of gas when the gas velocity at entry is 80 m/s and that at exit is
160 m/s.
 2 2 
. V  V
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 
 2 
W   h1  h2  = - 143.3 kj/kg
 2 2
 V  V1 
 W   h2  h1  
. 2

 2 

= -152.9 kj/kg
Q-4. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following state:
Pressure 1.2 MPa, temperature 188°C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and elevation 3m.
The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: Pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg,
velocity 100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s.
If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the
turbine in kW?.

 2 2 
. V2  V1 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. .
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 


112.515kW
Q-5. A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle,
the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is
2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it.

(a) Find the velocity at exists from the nozzle.

(b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m3 /kg, find the mass flow rate.
(c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.

 2 2 
. V  V 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 

m1.  m2.
V2 = 692.532m/s
1V1 A1   2V2 A2
m. = 32.1kg/s
. VA
32.1kg/s = A2*692.532 /0.498 m  VA 
v
A2 =8.023m2
Q-6. A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20°C and consumes a power of 15 kW. The inlet and
outlet velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature,
assuming adiabatic conditions. Take cp of air is 1.005 kJ/kg-K. (Hint: use h= cp t)
h2  h1  c p *(t2  t1 )
 2 2 
 V  V 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 

 2 2
. V2  V1 
  h2  h1   W    = 8.75kj/kg
 2 
h2  h1  c p *(t2  t1 )
(8.75/1.005)+293 = t1
= 301.70 K
Q-7. A nozzle receives 0.1 kg/s steam at 1 MPa, 400oC with negligible kinetic energy. The
exit is at 500 kPa, 350oC and the flow is adiabatic. Find the nozzle exit velocity and the exit
area.
h1 = 3263.88 kJ/kg, h2 = 3167.65 kJ/kg,
Volume @ 500kPa, 350oC = 0.57012 m3
 2 2 
 V  V 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 


 2
 V2 
  h2  h1   

 2 
 m1.  m2.
1V1 A1   2V2 A2
V2  2(h1  h2 *1000 = 438.7m/s

. VA
m  VA 
A = 0.1*57012/438.77 = 0.00013m2 v
Q-8. The steam supply to an engine comprises two streams which mix before entering the engine.
One stream is supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2952 kJ/kg and a velocity of 20
m/s. The other stream is supplied at the rate of 0.1 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2569 kJ/kg and a
velocity of 120 m/s. At the exit from the engine the fluid leaves as two streams, one of water at the
rate of 0.001 kg/s with an enthalpy of 420 kJ/kg and the other of steam; the fluid velocities at the
exit are negligible. The engine develops a shaft power of 25kW. The heat transfer is negligible.
Evaluate the enthalpy of the second exit stream?
 2 2 
 V  V
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 
 2 

 2   2   2  2
. .  V21   V22   V11   V12 
Q  W  m21 h21    m22 h22    m11 h11    m12 h12  

 2  
 2  
 2  
 2 
m22  m11  m12  m21 =0.109kg/s
h22 =2401.2kj/kg
Q-9.A steam turbine has an inlet of 2 kg/s water at 1000 kPa, 350oC and velocity of 15 m/s.
The exit is at 100 kPa, 150oC and very low velocity. Find the specific work and the power
produced. h1 = 3157.65 kJ/kg, h2 = 2776.38 kJ/kg.

 2 2 
. V  V 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 

2

 V 1  V12
w    h2  h1  
.
  h1  h2  = 381.4 kJ/kg

 2  2

. . .
W  m w =2kg/s * 381.4 kJ/kg = 762.8kW
Q-10. In a steady flow apparatus, 135kJ of work is done by each kg of fluid. The specific
volume of the fluid, pressure and velocity at the inlet are 0.37 m 3/kg, 600kPa, and 16m/s. The
inlet is 32m above the floor, and the discharge pipe is at floor level. The discharge conditions
are 0.62 m3/kg, 100 kPa, and 270 m/s. The total heat loss between the inlet and discharge is 9
kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this apparatus, does internal energy increase or decrease, and
by how much?
 Q-11.A compressor brings R-134a from 150 kPa, -10oC to 1200 kPa, 50oC. It is water
cooled with a heat loss estimated as 40 kW and the shaft work input is measured to be
150 kW. How much is the mass flow rate through the compressor.
h1 = 393.84 kJ/kg, h2 = 426.84 kJ/kg
 2 2 
 V  V 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  
. . . 2 1
  Z 2  Z1  g 

 2 


Q . W .
Q .  W .  m.  h2  h1    m. = -40-(-150) / 426.81-393.84 = 3.33kg/s
 h2  h1 