Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

AP*
Chapter 22
Organic and
Biological Molecules
Chapter 22
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
 Organic Chemistry
 The study of carbon-containing compounds and their
properties. The vast majority of organic compounds
contain chains or rings of carbon atoms.
 Biochemistry
 The study of the chemistry of living things.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Section 22.1
Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
 Compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
 Saturated: C—C bonds are all single bonds.
alkanes [CnH2n+2]
H H
H C C H
H H

Section 22.1
Hydrocarbons
 Unsaturated: contains carbon–carbon multiple
bonds.
H H H H
H C C C H C C C H
H H H
Section 22.1
Isomerism in Alkanes
 Structural isomerism – occurs when two molecules
have the same atoms but different bonds.
 Butane and all succeeding members of the
alkanes exhibit structural isomerism.

Section 22.1
Butane

Section 22.1
Rules for Naming Alkanes

1. For alkanes beyond butane, add –ane to the Greek
root for the number of carbons.
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 = hexane
2. Alkyl substituents: drop the –ane and add –yl.
C2H6 is ethane
C2H5 is ethyl

Section 22.1

3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by
numbering the longest chain sequentially. The
numbering is such that substituents are at lowest
possible number along chain.
CH3
CH3–CH2–CH–CH2–CH2–CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
3-methylhexane
Section 22.1

4. Location and name are followed by root alkane
name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use
di–, tri–, etc.
CH3 CH3
CH3–CH2–CH–CH–CH2–CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
3,4-dimethylhexane
Section 22.1
First Ten Normal Alkanes

Section 22.1
The Most Common Alkyl

Substituents and Their
Names
Section 22.1
EXERCISE!
Name each of the following:

CH3 CH3
a)
H3C C CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH3 CH3
2,2,4,5-tetramethylhexane
CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3

b)
H3C C CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3
3,6-diethyl-3-methyloctane
Section 22.1
Combustion Reactions of Alkanes

 At a high temperature, alkanes react vigorously and
exothermically with oxygen.
 Basis for use as fuels.
2C4H10 ( g ) + 13O2 (g )  8CO2 (g ) + 10H2O(g )

Section 22.1
Substitution Reactions of Alkanes

 Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen
atoms.
CH4 + Cl2 
hv
CH3Cl + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 
hv
CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 
hv
CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 
hv
CCl4 + HCl

Section 22.1
Dehydrogenation Reactions of Alkanes

 Hydrogen atoms are removed and the product is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Section 22.1
Cyclic Alkanes
 Carbon atoms can form rings containing only C—C
single bonds.
 General formula: CnH2n
C3H6 C4H8 C6H12

Section 22.1
The Chair and Boat Forms of Cyclohexane

Section 22.2
Alkenes and Alkynes
Hydrocarbons
 Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon–
carbon double bond. [CnH2n]
CH3–CH=CH2 propene
 Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon–
carbon triple bond. [CnHn]
CH3–CH2–CΞC–CH3 2–pentyne
Section 22.2
Alkenes and Alkynes
Rules for Naming Alkenes

1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in –ene.
C2H4 is ethene
2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by
the lowest–numbered carbon atom in the bond.
CH2=CH–CH2–CH3
1 2 3 4
1–butene

Section 22.2
Alkenes and Alkynes
Rules for Naming Alkynes

 Same as for alkenes except use –yne as suffix.
CH3–CH2–CΞC–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3
3–octyne

Section 22.2
Alkenes and Alkynes
EXERCISE!
Name each of the following:

CH3 CH3
a) H3C CH CH2 C C CH3
CH3
2,3,5-trimethyl-2-hexene
b) CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3
H3C C CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3
6-ethyl-3-methyl-3-octene
Section 22.2
Alkenes and Alkynes
Addition Reactions
 Pi Bonds (which are weaker than the C—C bonds),
are broken, and new  bonds are formed to the 
atoms being added.

Section 22.2
Alkenes and Alkynes
Halogenation Reactions
 Addition of halogen atoms of alkenes and alkynes.

Section 22.3
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.

 Simplest of these is benzene (C6H6).
 The delocalization of the  electrons makes the benzene
ring behave differently from a typical unsaturated
hydrocarbon.

Section 22.3
Benzene (Aromatic Hydrocarbon)

Section 22.3
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons generally undergo rapid

addition reactions, but benzene does not.
 Benzene undergoes substitution reactions in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by other atoms.
Benzene
Section 22.3
More Complex Aromatic Systems

Section 22.4
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
 Molecules that are fundamentally hydrocarbons but

have additional atoms or groups of atoms called
functional groups.

Section 22.4
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
The Common
Functional Groups

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP*

Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

Rules for Naming Alkanes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

Rules for Naming Alkanes

Rules for Naming Alkanes

First Ten Normal Alkanes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

The Most Common Alkyl

Name each of the following:

CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3

Combustion Reactions of Alkanes

2C4H10 ( g ) + 13O2 (g )  8CO2 (g ) + 10H2O(g )

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

Substitution Reactions of Alkanes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Dehydrogenation Reactions of Alkanes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

C3H6 C4H8 C6H12

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

The Chair and Boat Forms of Cyclohexane

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17

Rules for Naming Alkenes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

Rules for Naming Alkynes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

Name each of the following:

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

 A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

Benzene (Aromatic Hydrocarbon)

 Unsaturated hydrocarbons generally undergo rapid

More Complex Aromatic Systems

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

 Molecules that are fundamentally hydrocarbons but

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

You might also like