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Introduction of Hormones
Most glands of the body deliver their
secretions by means of ducts. These are
called exocrine glands.
There are few other glands that produce
chemical substance that they directly
secrete into the bloodstream for
transmission to various target tissues.
These are ductless or endocrine glands.
The secretions of endocrine glands are called
as hormones.
Definition of Hormones
It is a chemical substance which is produced
in one part of the body, enters the
circulation and is carried to distant target
organs and tissues to modify their
structures and functions.
Hormones are strictly speaking stimulating
substances and act as body catalysts.
Properties of Hormones
They act as chemical messengers, are required
in small amounts.
They are secreted in blood prior to their use.
Site of synthesis and action is different except
autocrines.
Are not used up in reaction.
Their activity can be monitored by their blood
levels.
These can be proteins, amino acids or steroids.
Target Cell
Hormones circulate to all tissues but only
activate cells referred to as target cells.
Hormone can affect several different cell
types;
More than one hormone can affect a given cell
type;
Hormones can exert many different effects in
one cell or in different cells.
Hormone Receptors
Target cells must distinguish hormones (in
small amounts and similar molecules) by
binding receptors
(1) binding should be specific
(2) binding should be saturable
(3) binding should occur within the
concentration range of the expected
biologic response
Contd
Receptors are proteins, two functional domains:
(1) A recognition domain binds the hormone
ligand;
(2) A second region generates a signal that
couples hormone recognition to some
intracellular function.
Receptors are located on the plasma membrane
and inside the cells (cytoplasm, nucleus)
Contd
Target organs – Tissues with specific receptors
No receptors - Not a target organ
Target Cell Activation
Target cell activation depends on three
factors
Blood levels of the hormone
Relative number of receptors on the target cell
The affinity of those receptors for the
hormone
Up-regulation : target cells form more
receptors in response to the hormone
Down-regulation : target cells lose
receptors in response to the hormone
classification
distant signaling
adjacent signaling
self-signaling
The major hormone
secreting glands
are:
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary
3. Pineal gland
4. Thymus
5. Thyroid gland
6. Parathyroid glands
7. Langerhans’ islet of
pancreas
8. Adrenal glands
9. Sex glands
Contd
The major hormone secreting glands are:
Pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal,
polypeptides
or
glycoprotein catecholamines
Synthesis of Hormones
Hormones are synthesized & modified for full
activity in a variety of ways.
G protein (GS)
5 cAMP acti-
vates protein
Receptor kinases.
Figure 16.2
Binding of Hormone to Receptor Leads to:
4 Binding regulates
mRNA
transcription of the
gene to mRNA.
Figure 16.3
Contd
Cytosolic receptors found for the following
steroid hormones:
a. Glucocorticoids.
b. Mineralocorticoids
c. Progestins.
d. Estrogens.
e. Calcitriol.
Nuclear receptors are identified for
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine.
Major Differences B/W Hormones
and Enzymes
Parameters Hormones Enzymes