Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Safety
UNIT 1
Introduction
Road safety means safety for all road users.
Road safety refers to the measures which must be
adopted by everyone while using roads.
In India itself about 80,000 people are killed in road
crashes every year which is 13% of the total fatality
all over the world.
The most common crash is by an average driver who
makes an error of judgement.
Road safety is one of the most serious public health
issues in our country.
Introduction
Rules must be followed by all users of roads
including pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, and bus
and truck drivers.
Safety methods also relate to the construction,
layout of roads as well as traffic regulation
systems.
Definition
Road traffic safety refers to the methods and
measures used to prevent road users from being
killed or seriously injured.
Road safety means methods and measures aimed
at reducing the likelihood or the risk of persons
using the road network getting involved in a
collision or an incident that may cause property
damages, serious injuries and/or death.
Road safety involves
Design of roads and highways;
Laws pertaining to traffic and vehicles;
Systems of traffic safety and control;
Driver education;
School students’ education;
Traffic regulation and road safety signs;
Vehicle design; and
Motor vehicle safety inspection and maintenance
Science Based Perspectives
In road safety, following three areas have been usually
distinguished:
Road users related disciplines (psychology, sociology,
medicine, law...),
Road and environment related disciplines (road and traffic
engineering, urban and transportplanning ...),
Road traffic means related disciplines (mechanical
engineering, biomechanics, vehiclesdesign ...).
Science Based Perspectives
Road safety tasks fall within the field of traditional disciplines Such as
Civil, Electrical and mechanical engineering.
Psychology or Sociology.
Problems:
Road safety is not an isolated goal. It should be assessed in the
context of mobility and costs as well.
Road safety has very limited possibilities of conducting experiments.
Independent variables are numerous, complex and correlated; there
are also influences of economical and social variables, weather etc
Road safety demographics
Every year the lives of approximately 1.3 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. Between 20 and 50 million more
people suffer non-fatal injuries, with many incurring a disability as a
result of their injury.
Road traffic crashes cost most countries 3% of their gross domestic
product.
In India, a total number of 3,66,138 road accidents have been
reported by States and Union Territories (UTs) during the calendar
year 2020, claiming 1,31,714 lives and causing injuries to 3,48,279
persons.
The State of Tamil Nadu with 45,484 accidents (12.4%) has recorded
the highest number of road accidents in 2020.
Road safety demographics
Road safety demographics
Road User Decision
Decision making are most apparent during activities,
such as driving, that require spontaneous, complex
information processing and reasoning within time
constraints.
The driver may have to make multiple decisions in quick
succession, which place extensive demands upon
cognitive processes.
The driver may also have to ignore multiple distracting
auditory, visual and tactile stimuli from the car’s radio,
air conditioning, passengers and the visual environment.
Road User Decision
The Decision Making Process Model defines three important stages to
making a decision:
Option Generation,
Option Selection and
Action Initiation
Road User Decision
The Decision Making of the road user mainly influenced by the following
characteristics:
Physical Characteristics :- Vision, Hearing and Strength
Mental Characteristics : skill, intelligence, experience, knowledge and
literacy
Psychological Characteristics : anger, fear, superstition, impatience,
anxiety, etc
Environmental Characteristics : Atmospheric conditions, traffic
facilities, the traffic stream characteristics
Road User Decision
Driver Characteristics
The two main driver characteristics
are visual activity and reaction
process.
The field of vision decides some of the traffic
engineering practices and functions like:
•Traffic signs are placed within 10 degrees
range with the expected line of sight of the
driver.
•The size and dimension of the traffic signs and
boards are adjusted to this distance.
•The driver's attention must be taken for an
event happening within the field of vision.
•Estimation of speed is also performed
depending on the field of vision.
Reaction Time and Stopping
Distance
Source : https://rse.org.au/about-ryda/survey-thank-you/
Reaction Time and Stopping
Distance
Classification of Accidents
Based on Injuries
Fatal
Non Fatal
Based on Collisions
Vehicle rear end collisions,
side impact collisions,
vehicle rollover,
sideswipe collisions,
head-on collisions,
single car accidents and
multiple vehicle pile-ups.
What causes traffic
accidents?
Main cause of accidents and crashes are due to human errors.
Over Speeding
Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during
accident.
Faster vehicles are more prone to accident than the slower one and the
severity of accident will also be more in case of faster the severity of accident
will also be more in case of faster vehicles.
Higher the speed, greater the risk.
At high speed the vehicle needs greater distance to stop i.e. braking distance.
What causes traffic
accidents?
Drunken Driving
◦ Alcohol reduces concentration.
◦ It decreases reaction time of a human body.
◦ It hampers vision due to dizziness.
◦ For every increase of 0.05 blood alcohol concentration, the risk of accident doubles.
What causes traffic
accidents?
Distractions to Driver
Distractions could be outside or inside the vehicle.
The major distraction now a days is talking on mobile phone while driving.
Act of talking on phone occupies major portion of brain and the smaller part
handles the driving skills.
◦ the distractions on road are:
It is a corner stone of a
preventable program.
Short accident spots are taken photographs with hand held cameras.
Long accident spots in highway may have skid marks upto 200m. Certain police
departments use RC helicopters to capture the scene.
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR ACCIDENT SCENES : ELCOVISION
ADVANTAGES:
•Image recognition and image processing.
•Reseau Analysis.
•Digital rectification.
•Automatic image measurement.
•Multiple photo orientation.
•3D plane generation
•CAD plugins
ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT PHOTOGRAPHS
INSPECTION OF VEHICLES
Observation of individual's
actions.