Mini Project Document

Vehicle Accident Prevention System
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
Family of eight perishes in fatal road traffic crash! These are the stories that have
gleaned newspaper headlines in recent times. According to U.S. National High way Traffic
Safety Administration, 32,675 people died in traffic accidents in the United States in 2014.
In same year, the European Commission (EC) reported 25,900 fatalities. Reducing the
number of fatalities and injuries has been identified as an important policy worldwide.
Based on official statistic abstracts, published and unpublished surveys on road

traffic accident and injury data, there is high pedestrian and passenger deaths due to late
response by emergency responders, imply the need to develop a better road accident control
system, catering for the two underlying risk factors, operational and policy issues involved in
transport system specific for each global region, and to develop and implement appropriate
responsive road safety interventions. In today’s world there is a severe increase in the use of
vehicles. Such heavy automobile usage has increased traffic and thus resulting in a rise in road
accidents. This takes a toll on the property as well as causes human life loss because of
unavailability of immediate safety facilities.
The population of the world has been increasing, with China and India being the two
most densely populated countries. Road traffic has also been getting more and more congested,
as a higher population and increased business activities result in greater demand for cars and
vehicles for transportation.
This increased vehicle density leads to many road accidents, Complete accident
prevention is unavoidable but at least repercussions can be reduced. Proposed system makes an
effort to provide the emergency facilities to the victims in the shortest time possible.Statistics
shows that, the rate of road accidents are increasing every year. This project aims to make an
efficient system to prevent accidents by adding additional three security features into a public
transportation vehicle which includes Drowsiness detection of driver, Detection of human
presence at the footsteps and an automatic Obstacle avoidance.
TKREC Electronics and Communication Engineering 1

The attention level of driver degrades because of less sleep, long continuous driving
or any other medical condition like brain disorders etc. Several surveys on road accidents says
that around 30 percent of accidents are caused by fatigue of the driver. When driver drives for
more than normal period for a human being, then excessive fatigue is caused and results in
tiredness which drives the driver to sleepy conditioner loss of consciousness. Drowsiness is a
complex phenomenon which is characterized by decrease in alerts and conscious levels of the
driver. Though there is no direct measure to detect the drowsiness, but several indirect methods
can be used for this purpose. Here we use Eye Blink sensor for drowsiness detection.
The second main reason for the accidents is the consumption of alcohol, any amount
of alcohol in your bloodstream can impact your driving ability. The effect of alcohol abuse
varies greatly, putting you at risk for causing an accident or highway injury. Safe driving
requires the ability to concentrate, make good judgements and quickly react to situations.
However, alcohol affects these skills, putting yourself and others in danger. We can avoid these
accidents by providing the eye blink and alcohol sensors to the drivers. The eye blink switch
responds to the voluntary blink of the eye and requires minimal calibration. It discriminates
between voluntary and involuntary blinks.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this model is to advance a system to detect fatigue symptoms
such as Drunken And Drowsy in drivers and control the speed of vehicle to avoid accidents.
With the increasing popularity of automobiles, the number of road accidents are also
increased rapidly. Fatigue driving is an important cause of traffic accidents. In this project,
we propose a drowsy driving detection and alcohol detection device for accident-avoidance
system. We utilized an IR Sensor to detect the eye blink of the driver. If the driver’s eyes
remain closed for a certain period, the driver is said to be drowsy. As a result, we get
immediate information related to the driver’s condition and speed of the vehicle is reduced
which reduces the chances of road accidents. Additional features like detection of alcohol is
included. If detected, the vehicle can’t be started. Finally, it is also designed to avoid the
accidents.

I. General Objective
The main objective is to minimize the accident’s response time when an accident
occurs and the time emergency responders reach the accident scene in reducing human deaths
due to road accident.
II. Specific Objective
1. Provide a system that is fully automated to help vehicle occupants even

when they are incapacitated and sub conscious.
2. Exploiting the capabilities offered by vehicular communication technologies
3. Increase safety of road user and comfort of passengers
1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
A road traffic accident can be classified into following types: Pedestrians, pedal
cyclists, motorcyclists, drivers of cars, commercial and passenger vehicles, animal vehicle
collision, mass casualty incident, and Act of God.
A. Pedestrians
Hitting a pedestrian while driving a car is very common. A study highlighted that Police
Department reported 53.3% fatalities for pedestrian cases that are 56% of reported fatal traffic
accidents.
B. Pedal
Due to slow movement of pedal cyclists, they are not seen by vehicles which over
takes another car and suddenly hit the pedal cyclists. As motor cycle moves much faster than
cycle so motor cyclists are less vulnerable than pedal cyclist.
C. Motorcyclists
Riding a motorbike is a good and famous activity in most parts of the world due to less

space requirements, high mileage and less polluting. If a vehicle hits a motorcyclist, due to the
lack of safety features on a bike, rider will definitely get injured severely in most cases. The
chance of as survival of motorcyclist is less compared to injured person in case a vehicle hit a
car.
D.Drivers of cars
Commercial and passenger vehicles Most of the time, it is noticed that an accident
occurs when a person is few miles away from his home. The basic reasons of car accidents are
over-speeding, casual behavior, reckless and unsafe driving. Table II shows common types of
car accidents.
E.Animal Vehicle Collision

As the name implies it is a collision between an animal and a vehicle. Statistics shows
that mortality of animals is increasing in North-East China due to accidents as compared to
hunting. Statistics shows that 67% drivers at Northern Tanzania felt that animal vehicle
accidents were due to over speeding and night-time low visibility.
F. Mass Casualty Incident

It is an incident in which there are more casualties than a normal accident has. These
accidents include: Multiple vehicle collision, building collapse, mass transit accidents,
HAZMAT (Hazardous Materials) incidents, WMD (weapon of mass destruction), multiple-
shooting victims, and chemical exposure.
G. Act of God
It is an accident that occurs totally from natural causes with no human involvement.
These accidents include tornadoes, sudden deaths, earthquakes, floods and violent winds.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software and

perhaps additional mechanical or other parts designed to perform a specific function. A good

example is the microwave oven almost every household has one and tens of millions of them
are used every day but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.
This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. This is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for
example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it
is able to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to
make this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the
manufacturer does not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a
network file server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to
write the next great American novel.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e.,

microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces) but ordinary
microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also
common, especially in more complex systems. In either case, the processor used may be types
ranging from general purpose to those specialized in a certain class of computations or even
custom designed for the application at hand.
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic light controllers, programmable logic
controllers, and large complex systems like hybrid vehicles, medical imaging systems and
avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with
multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large equipment rack.
An embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example,

modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls the
anti-lock brakes, other monitors controls the vehicles, emissions and a third displays the
information on
the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a
communication network but that is certainly not a requirement.

1.3.1 CHARECTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

The major characteristics of Embedded system are:
 All Embedded System are single function. i.e., have single objective.
 Real Time performance i.e., if input given at any unpredictable time, the system can
perform action without any delay
 Embedded systems are Multi rate for example Camera. It can be color, Black & white or
motion. Here all these supported for a particular camera action. So, an Embedded system
have Multiple rate operation.
 All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task repeatedly continuously
over their lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an mp3 player.
 Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain time frame. It must
therefore perform fast enough. A car’s brake system, if exceeds the time limit, may cause
accidents.
 They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic washing machine works
on its own after the program is set and stops once the task is over.
 Some embedded systems are designed to react to external stimuli and react accordingly.
A thermometer, a GPS tracking device.
 Embedded systems are built to achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small sized, can
work with less power and are not too expensive.
 Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the users. Hence, they must rank
high on reliability and stability. They are expected to function for long durations without
the user experiencing any difficulties.
 Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems.

 Embedded systems need connected peripherals to attach input & output devices.
 The hardware of an embedded-system is used for security and performance. The Software
is used for features.
1.3.2 TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded Systems can be classified into four types based on the performance and
functional requirement.
1. Real Time Embedded Systems

2. Stand-Alone Embedded Systems
3. Networked Embedded Systems
4. Mobile Embedded System
1. Real time embedded systems
One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly

defined, a real-time system is a computer system that has timing constraints. In other words, a
real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or
decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for
completion and for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer.
The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time system is
part of an airplane's flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passengers and crew
to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system is involved in
satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data packet. The more
severe the consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is "hard" and thus the
system is a hard real- time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion are said
to have soft deadlines.
2. Stand Alone Embedded Systems

Stand-Alone Embedded Systems are those that can work by themselves i.e., they are
self- sufficient and do not depend on a host system. Stand-alone embedded systems are made in
a way such that an input is received, processed and thereafter the desired output is produces.
Input can be received via sensors, keyword or push button.
3. Networked Embedded Systems
Networked Embedded Systems depend on connected network to perform its assigned

tasks. These systems consist of components like sensors, controllers etc. which are
interconnected. Many of these systems are built on general purpose processors.
4. Mobile Embedded Systems
Mobile Embedded Systems are those that are small sized and can be used in smaller
devices. They are used in mobile phones and digital cameras because of the small size. They
often have memory constraints and lacks good user interface.
1.3.3 ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The advantages of Embedded Systems are:
• They are convenient for mass production. This results in low price per piece.
• These systems are highly stable and reliable.
• Embedded systems are made for specific tasks.
• The embedded systems are very small in size, hence can be carried and loaded anywhere.
• These systems are fast. They also use less power.
• The embedded systems optimize the use or resources available.
• They improve the product quality.
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

A number of technological and sociological improvements have helped reduce traffic

fatalities during the past decade, ex: each 1% increases in seatbelt usage is estimated to save
136 lives.The road accident lead to loss of human life and/or incapacitation. It was noted, with
deep concern that most of these deaths occur as a result of late response by emergency services
especially for accident occurring in remote areas or night where there is no witness or a means
of alerting the responsible authorities such as police, emergency services responders or
relatives.
Moreover, each minute that an injured crash victim does not receive emergency
medical care can make a large difference in their survival rate, i.e., Analysis shows that
reducing accident response time by one-minute correlates to a six % difference in number of
lives saved. This project seeks to reduce the time taken between accident time and notifying the
emergency
responders of the accident occurrence.
Many existing systems require a camera which is installed in front of driver. It points
straight towards the face of the driver and monitors the driver’s eyes in order to identify the
drowsiness. By using a non-intrusive machine vision-based concepts, drowsiness of the driver
detected system is developed. But this system failed for heavy trucks and buses.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
The proposed system presented in this project integrates Sensor technology. Arduino
is used as the controller, to which eye blink sensor will be interfaced which will be monitoring
the human drowsiness activity and to it, alcohol sensor is used to detect the alcohol
consumption level, if the level is more, buzzer will turn on and motor will turn off.
The data will be displayed on LCD display.
Statistics reveal that road traffic crashes in world is the third cause of death and

present a challenge to overall health, morbidity and associated health care cost. WHO estimates
that global losses due to road traffic injuries are probably close to 518 billion and are likely to
cost government between 2% and 3% of their GDP.
Each year, an estimated 1.2 million people are killed in road traffic crashes and up to
50 million injured worldwide. Death and injuries due to road traffic crashes are currently ranked
th
9 globally among the leading causes of lost productive years. Road traffic accidents deaths
reached 1.58% of total deaths.
The UN has declared the years 2011 to2020 decade of action for road safety. Surely, road
traffic crashes have become a major and increasing global health problem.
In developed countries many accident prevention technologies have been used. Ex: e-
call in Europe. Since India is a developing country with limited technology advancement, such
technologies are expensive and not in efficient usage.There are many challenges experienced
when responding to the vehicle accident emergency, this is due to lack of communication
between the emergency responders and the vehicle occupants we need to get rid of these
obstacles during an accident by using an accurate detector system in vehicle, hence reducing
response time this
will directly results to reduce loss of human life and property. There were over 6000 over
accidents cases, 3000 of them resulted in serious injuries and fatalities. With many sustaining a
disability as a result of their of their injury traffic safety is a serious problem, with over 12000.
Fig 1.1: Percentage of Accident in India
From NATS accident statistics, more than half of all road traffic deaths according

among young adult ages 15-44 and cost countries 1-3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Each year on average over 1000 young people under 25 die per day. Unless action is
taken, it is evident that the system has positive contribution and is realistically adapted to real
life in the society.
Our project aims to speed emergency response times by 40% in urban areas and by 50
percent in rural areas. Many lives could have been saved if emergency services could get the
crash information and proper help provided on time. It is estimated road traffic injuries are
predicted to become fifth leading cause of death by 2030. Surely road traffic crashes in this
country cannot be avoided but loss of human life and disabilities resulting from these accidents
can be reduced.
1.6 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded systems are used in different applications like automobiles,

telecommunications, smartcards, missiles, satellites, computer networking, digital consumer
electronics etc.…
• Embedded system in Automobiles and in telecommunications.

• Embedded systems in smart cards, missiles and satellites.
• Embedded system in peripherals and computing network
• Embedded system for detecting rash driving on highways.
• Embedded systems for vehicle tracking etc...

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1] DEEKSHA ASHUTHA K. ARAVINDA B, CHAITHRA LAKSHMI C. Sensor based

accident prevention system. International Journal of Computer Applications, pages 36–
39, 2012.
In the developing countries accident is the major cause of death. If we gaze at the top
10 dangerous roads in the world we can see that all of them are mountain roads and curve roads.
In the mountain roads there will be tight curves and the roads will be narrow. In these kinds of
situations, the driver of a vehicle cannot see vehicles coming from opposite side. Thousands of
people lose their lives each year because of this problem. Since we are talking about mountain
roads here other side might be lead to a cliff. The solution for this problem is alerting the driver
about the vehicle coming from opposite side. This is done by keeping an ultrasonic sensor in
one side of the road before the curve and keeping a LED light after the curve, so that if vehicle
comes from one end of the curve sensor senses and LED light glows at the opposite side. By
looking at the LED light on/off criteria driver can become alert and can slow down the speed of
the vehicle.
2.2] YIMING SHAO JINSHUAN PENG, CHENWEI WANG and JIN XU. Visual search
efficiency evaluation method for potential connected vehicles on sharp curves. 1Progama
de Pos-Graduac ao em Ciencia da Informac ˆ ao (PPGCI) Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais (UFMG), pages 132–143.

Accurate discrimination of driving proficiency is essential to improve driving safety.

A naturalistic driving experiment was designed and organized to discover the response
characteristics among drivers' eye movement behaviors, driving proficiency, and mountain
roads; 20 drivers were recruited to collect corresponding data of eye movement parameters
on sharp turns, including gaze behavior and saccade behavior. The data show that on right
turning roads, the main range of eye fixation points is -0.1-0.3 m in the horizontal direction,
while the range is -0.35-0.2 m for left turn bends. The main range of the eye horizontal gaze
angle is 0-30°, the range of the saccade amplitude is 5-25°, and its value increased as the
curve radius decreased, showing a logarithmic relationship. Based on the collected eye
movement characteristics data, a driver's visual search modal matrix was built. A principal
component analysis was used, and a comprehensive evaluation model of drivers' eye
movement
characteristics was established. The result shows that eye movement comprehensive score
and driving mileage were positively correlated. The result also indicates that the
discrimination model can be used to quantify and discriminate driving proficiency and can
provide a novel perspective for connected vehicle performance assessment.
2.3] Design of Vehicle Accident Prevention System Using Wireless Technology
Driver drowsiness is a significant factor in vehicular accidents and therefore different

technologies are being put in place to bring it to the barest minimum. This paper takes in-
depth look at vehicle accident prevention system using wireless technology, eye blink sensor
and automatic braking system to ensure that the vehicle slows down and comes to a halt when
drowsiness is detected, and the system (circuit) is not reset within the threshold period
programmed in the microcontroller of the system. The wireless technology which is the
backbone of this project work was achieve through radio frequency wave, is then to other
vehicles at a transmission distance of wavelength 0.69mwith a frequency of 433MHZ.
simulation software (Proteus) was used to critically analyzed the model of the design of the
vehicle accidents prevention system using wireless technology. It was ascertained from the
results that the vehicle accidents prevention system using wireless technology is an effective
technology for vehicle accidents prevention due to driver drowsiness. The design of the
vehicle accident prevention system using wireless technology, with the aim of sending

information to other vehicles at a distance through RF module when drowsiness is detected

was successfully implemented.
K. Sangeetha et al., (2015) The population of the world has been increasing, with
China and India being the two most densely populated countries. Road traffic has also been
getting more and more congested, as a higher population and increased business activities
result in greater demand for cars and vehicles for transportation. This increased vehicle density
leads to many road accidents. In road accident due to lack of emergency services people lose
their lives. The main aim of this project is a scheme to detect accident, find accident location
and provide a smooth flow for ambulance to reach hospital in time in emergency.
2.4 ] Adu.A. (2017, April,03) Road Accident in Ghana: Pulse.com.Gh.
This paper highlights the increasing problem of road traffic accident (RTA) related
morbidity and mortality in Ghana, and the public health measures needed to control the
problem. Descriptive data in the public domain from statutory bodies and media houses reports
on country RTA information , as well as academic papers on the problem, were used as source
of information about the problem. The observed trend in Ghana indicates that RTA related
fatalities and injuries
continue to be increasing, as morbidity and mortality factors since the year 2000. Most of the
remedial measures suggested in academic papers, and state agencies measures to curb the RTA
trend in Ghana to date, have discussed the problem in terms of injury and safety
issues/measures. This paper suggests that the increasing RTAs with associated morbidity and
mortality in Ghana need to be looked at more as a public health problem and priority, that
requires prompt tackling using a public health problem orientated approach and measures, than
just as a safety problem due to RTAs', as is currently done.
2.5] Prevalence and Pattern of Road Traffic Accidents among Commercial Motorcyclists
in the Central Tongu District, Ghana

The World Health Organization estimates that 1.35 million people die as a result of
road traffic crashes. Motorcycles as a means of transport are increasingly becoming the
preferred and easiest means of transportation for most people in developing countries despite
the associated risk. This study determined the prevalence and pattern of motorcycle crashes in
Adidome among commercial motorcyclists. Methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study
design was used as 114 commercial motorcyclists were recruited to respond to a pretested
research questionnaire in the Adidome district of the Volta Region. Data were analyzed using
SPSS, version 22.0. Data were presented as simple descriptive statistics. A chi-square
relationship was determined using the demographic variables, and the history of accident at a
95% confidence interval with 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results. The
prevalence of road traffic crashes at Adidome was 64.0%. Motorcyclists (74.0%) were
Results. The prevalence of road traffic crashes at Adidome was 64.0%. Motorcyclists
(74.0%) were reported to have been involved in crashes in the past one year prior to the
study. Motorcyclists attributed the last accident to excessive speeding (31.5%) and bad roads
(23.3%), this accident as a result of colliding with another motorcycle (50.7%), and slippery
surfaces
(24.7%). The majority (63.0%) of the respondents had an accident once. The consumption of
alcohol was associated with the occurrence of an accident as 34.2% occurred among cyclists
who drank alcohol, compared with 29.8% who did not (). Conclusion. There should be strict
implementation of current road traffic regulations of Ghana by the MTTD of the Ghana
Police Service, and penalties should be awarded against anybody caught riding a motorcycle
under
the influence of alcohol. Helmet and other protective devices must be made compulsory for
motorcycle riders to prevent injuries, especially head injuries, if an accident occurs.
2.6 Achieving the SDG on road traffic accident
Road traffic accidents and associated injuries are ranked among the leading causes of
deaths. For instance, in 2000, road injury was ranked the 10th leading cause of deaths. Road
traffic deaths plateaued between 2007 and 2015; with an estimated 1.25 million deaths yearly
within the period (WHO, 2015). Therefore, following the deadline of the Millennium

Development Goals in 2015, countries made another commitment to achieving certain goals
specified in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 of which goal three (SDG
3) clearly states countries’ ambitious commitment to “ensuring healthy lives and promoting
well-being for all at all ages”. While majority of the targets under this goal are expected to be
achieved by 2030, the 6th (SDG 3.6) however requires the number of global deaths and
injuries from road traffic accidents to be halved by 2020.
Current estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveal 1.35 million
deaths yearly from road traffic accidents. This estimate scarily implies a death on the World’s
road in every 24 seconds The distribution of road traffic deaths by type of road user reveals
close to half of all deaths to be among motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians. This literally
means “no one is safe”; a situation that is certainly a matter of public health concern
worldwide. A further breakdown of the statistics by region shows the number of road traffic
injuries and deaths to be rising at least in the last three decades in Africa, and Ghana is no
exception. With just about a year and a half away from the deadline, this article looks into the
attainability (or not) from Ghana’s perspective. This article is necessary because unlike the
commitments and initiatives given to deaths from communicable and non-communicable
diseases by the government of Ghana, not much is seen in respect to road traffic accidents
despite being very preventable. A
similar gap is also created in terms of research; making effective policies and programmers in
this area quite rare The transportation network in Ghana remains far from the desired. With
only one international airport and few railway lines which are only available in the southern
part of the country, the alternatives (air and rail transport) are either very expensive and/or
unavailable in most cases. This makes road transport the major mode of commuting in
Ghana. Estimates provided by Ghana’s National Road and Safety Commission (NRSC)
indicate an estimated 46,284 people killed from road traffic accidents between 1991 and
2018.
The figures will be even more frightening when road traffic accidents that occur in
remote areas which are never recorded due to poor reporting system, as typical in most
developing countries are included. The World Development Indicator (WDI) estimate for
road traffic mortality per 100,000 people for Ghana was 26.1 percent in 2015; a marginal
decline of 0.1 percentage points from the estimate provided by the WHO in 2013[3].
Comparing Ghana to countries with middle-income status such as Hungary whose estimated

road traffic death rate per 100,000 people was 7.8% in 2016, Ghana’s rate of 24.9% was far
behind. Although compared to other African countries with similar income status such as
Cameroon (30%); Lesotho (28.9%); and South Africa (25.9); Ghana appears quite better; it is
an undeniable fact that every life lost is a cost not only to the immediate family but also to the
economy in terms of the potential contribution to productivity.
CHAPTER 3
ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG.3.1 Block Diagram
Vehicle accident prevention system, which will alert the drivers on both sides of the
blind spot on mountainous roads about the oncoming traffic from the other side. In this project
Arduino is used as the controller , to which eye blink sensor will be interfaced which will be
monitoring the human drowsiness activity and to it , alcohol sensor to used to detect the alcohol
consumption level , if the level is more , buzzer will turn on and motor will turn off . The data
will be displayed on LCD display.
It would change colors and alert the drivers with the help of LEDs. Our paper
proposes a system which would be installed on mountain roads and will use sensors to detect
vehicles. It would also be a major safety booster for mountain roads. The design of this system
mainly consists of two parts; they are hardware design and software design. Hardware design
consists of sensors like ultrasonic sensor, a microcontroller and LED. Ultrasonic sensor uses
+5V DC supply. Its range is from 2 cm to 100 cm. Microcontroller Software design is done for
sensing the vehicle or obstacle and to operate the LED by using Arduino 1.0.5 IDE tool which
is open source software. Programming can be done by using embedded C or C++. Operating
system that we
used is windows 8. The LED light here we used is of green colour and uses maximum +5V DC
supply.

The project involves preventing accidents due to drowsiness in vehicles by

using eye blink sensor. The IRtransmitter transmits infrared BNM rays into the eyes. The ray
reflected from the eye is picked up by the receiver which is in a straight line the transmitter.
Depending on the output of receiver, we get to know whether the eye is in an open or closed
position [2]. Another extra feature is the alarm system. There are two alarms. One inside the
vehicle to alert the driver and another outside to alert the people in the vicinity of the vehicle. If
the eye is in a closed position, then the output is high. This output activates the
corresponding pin in the microcontroller and sets off an alarm. The alarm continues to ring
until the driver takes necessary steps to take control of the vehicle. If after a stipulated amount
of time, the driver is unable to take control of the vehicle, then the microcontroller which is
linked to the braking system, slows down the vehicle. An external alarm goes off indicating
people to help the driver in the vehicle.
This project involves measure and controls the eye blink & alcohol content using IR
sensor & alcohol detector. The IR transmitter is used to transmit the infrared rays in our eye.
The IR receiver is used to receive the reflected infrared rays of eye. If the eye is closed means
the output of IR receiver is high otherwise the IR receiver output is low. This to know the eye
is closing or opening position. Alcohol detector detects the content of alcohol in the breath and
thus it attempts to clamp down alcoholics. This system uses microcontroller, LCD display,
alcohol detector, and buzzer. The output of the sensor is directly proportional to the content of
alcohol consumed. This output is given to logic circuit to indicate the alarm. This project
involves controlling accident due to unconscious through Eye blink & alcohol detector. Here
one eye blink sensor and alcohol detector are fixed in vehicle where if anybody loses conscious
and indicate through alarm, and LCD. The circuit has an alcohol sensor. This sensor measures
the content of alcohol from the breath of drunken people. Output of the sensor is directly
proportional to the alcohol content. When the alcohol molecules in the air meet the electrode
that is between alumina and tin dioxide in the sensor, ethanol burns into acetic acid then more
current is produced. So, the more alcohol molecules more will be the current produced. Output
of the

sensor is then fed to the microcontroller for comparison. The output of the sensors is in the
analogy nature which should be converted into digital format. This is done by the analogy to
digital converter of the microcontroller unit. The microcontroller controls the entire circuit.
The LCD displays the message and buzzer produces alarm. The working conditions and
various constraints were properly studied before carrying out further steps.
3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The process will start from the power supply. First step is to turn ON the power
supply. There are two inputs given here is Eye Blink sensor, other is alcohol sensor. The Eye
blink sensor will work on IR Sensor mechanism, so it is going to detect the blink. If it detects
then the information is given to the Microcontroller PIC. Then the Microcontroller will
perform two operations.
It displays the information on LCD and activates the corresponding output.
Then it will check the next condition that is alcohol smell if an alcohol sensor detects the smell
of an alcohol then the signal is given to the Microcontroller PIC. Here Microcontroller will do
same operation i.e., to display the information on LCD, if smell of an alcohol is not detected
then it will check for voluntary.
The software used is MPLAB IDE and PICkit3. MPLAB IDE is a software
Program that run on a PC to develop applications for Microchip Microcontrollers and
digital signal Controllers. It is called an Integrated Development Environment (IDE),
because it provides a single integrated environment to develop code for embedded
microcontrollers. After this the microcontroller gives instruction to the LCD to display Eye is
Closed or Eye is opened and if the it comes to Alcohol sensor then it displays ‘Alcohol detected
or Alcohol is not detected’, for both Voluntary and involuntary actions. If either of any action
‘Eye is closed or Alcohol is Detected’ then the microcontroller gives instruction to stop the
motor slowly and prevent it from accident.

3.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Fig. 3.2 Schematic Diagram

RS pin of the LCD module is connected to digital pin 12 of the arduino. R/W pin of
the LCD is grounded. Enable pin of the LCD module is connected to digital pin 11 of the
arduino. In this project, the LCD module and arduino are interfaced in the 4-bit mode. This
means only four of the digital input lines( DB4 to DB7) of the LCD are used. This method is
very simple, requires less connections and you can almost utilize the full potential of the LCD
module. Digital lines DB4, DB5, DB6 and DB7 are interfaced to digital pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 of the
Arduino. The 10K potentiometer is used for adjusting the contrast of the display. 560 ohm
resistor R1 limits the current through the back light LED. The arduino can be powered through
the external power jack provided on the board. +5V required in some other parts of the circuit
can be tapped from the 5V source on the arduino board. The arduino can be also powered from
the PC through the USB port.

IR Sensor has three pins (GND,V,OUT).It works under 5v. Connect V pin of sensor with
Arduino 5v GND pin of IR connected to GND of Arduino Interface OUT pin of sensor with
2nd pin of Arduino.
To connect the sensor, there are 4 leads. 2 of them are for power. The +5V terminal of
the sensor connects into the 5V terminal of the arduino board. The GND terminal of the
sensor connects into the GND terminal of the Arduino. This establishes power for the sensor.
The other 2 connections are the analog and digital output of the sensor. These connect to
analog pin A0 and digital pin D8, respectively.,we will connect the Arduino to IN1 (pin 5),
IN2 (pin 7), and Enable1 (pin 6) of the L298 IC. Pins 5 and 7 are digital, i.e. ON or OFF
inputs, while pin 6 needs a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal to control the motor speed.
Connect the Supply wire of the buzzer to the Digital Pin 9 of the Arduino through a
100 ohm resistor. Connect the Ground wire (BLACK) of the buzzer to any Ground Pin on the
Arduino.
3.4 FLOW CHART

Fig 4.1 Flowchart
3.5 STEPS
The following steps takes place in this System:

• Step 1: Connect the module to Power Supply.
• Step 2: Sensors starts the detection of action between voluntary and involuntary
actions.
• Step 3: IR sensor starts emitting the rays from transmitter and Alcohol Sensor detects
the concentration of ethanol in air.
• Step 4: If IR rays does not reflect back and if alcohol is not detected air,
then the system continues the process without any alert.
• Step 5: If both the sensors detects any fatigue symptoms such as Drunken and
Drowsy in drivers. Then it control the speed of vehicle to avoid accidents.
• Step 6: The LCD displays the message as “Eye close detected and Alcohol detected”
for involuntary actions
• Step 7: Then the microcontroller gives instruction to make a Continuous Beeeeeeppp....

sound.
• Step 8: Slowly the motor stops and prevent accidents.
• Step 9: Restart if necessary and Stop the process.

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRPTION
4.1 DESCRPTION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

4.1.1 ARDUINO UNO
The ArduinoUno is a open-source microcontroller board basedon the microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards
Fig 4.1 Arduino Uno Board

(shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6
analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-
volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar to the Arduino
Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout
and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced
users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low-cost

scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with
programming and robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and
artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of
course,
use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key
tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start
tinkering
just following the step-by-step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members
of the Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Net media’s BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handy board,
and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies
the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers,
students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

Fig 4.2 Schematic diagram of Arduino Uno Board
• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
• Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is

easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students
learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as

open-source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be
expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can
make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based.
Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
 Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are
published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their
own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users
can build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save
money.
4.2 BASIC ARDUINO
setup( ): A function present in every Arduino sketch. Run once before the loop( )
Often used to set pinmode to input or output. The setup( ) function looks like:
void setup( ){
//code goes here
}
loop( ): A function present in every single Arduino sketch. This code happens over and
over again. The loop( ) is where (almost) everything happens. The one exception to this is
setup( ) and variable declaration. ModKit uses another type of loop called “forever( )” which
executes over Serial. The loop( ) function looks like:
void loop( ) {
//code goes here
}
input: A pin mode that intakes information.

output: A pin mode that sends information.

HIGH: Electrical signal present (5V for Uno). Also ON or True in boolean logic.
LOW: No electrical signal present (0V). Also OFF or False in boolean logic.
digitalRead: Get a HIGH or LOW reading from a pin already declared as an input.
digitalWrite: Assign a HIGH or LOW value to a pin already declared as an output.
analogRead: Get a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 1023 (HIGH).
This allows you to get readings from analog sensors or interfaces that have more
than two states.
4.3 MICRO CONTROLLER(ATmega328p)
ATmega-328p is basically an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) micro-controller. It

supports the data up to eight (8) bits. ATmega-328p has 32KB internal builtin memory. This
micro-controller has a lot of other characteristics. You should also have a look at Introduction
to PIC16F877a (it's a PIC Microcontroller) and then compare functions of these two
MicrocontrollerATmega328p has 1KB Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory (EEPROM). This property shows if the electric supply supplied to the micro-
controller is
removed, even then it can store the data and can provide results after providing it with the
electric supply. Moreover, ATmega-328p has 2KB Static Random Access Memory (SRAM).
Other characteristics will be explained later. ATmega328p has several different features
which make it the most popular device in today's market. These features consist of advanced
RISC architecture, good performance, low power consumption, real timer counter having
separate oscillator, 6 PWM pins, programmable Serial USART, programming lock for
software security, throughput up to 20 MIPS etc. ATmega-328p is mostly used in Arduino.

Fig 4.3 ATmega328p MicroController Fig 4.5 Pin Configuration Of ATmega328p

MicroController
ATmega328p is used similar to any other controller. All there to do is programming.

Controller simply executes the program provided by us at any instant. Without programming
controller simply stays put without doing anything.

As said, first we need to program the controller and that is done by writing the
appropriate program file in the ATmega328p FLASH memory. After dumping this program
code, the controller executes this code and provides appropriate response. Entire process
of using an ATMEGA328P goes like this:
1. List the functions to be executed by controller.

2. Write the functions in programming language in IDE programs.
3. ATMEGA328P programming can also be done in ARDUINO IDE.
4. After writing the program, compile it to eliminate errors.
5. Make the IDE generate HEX file for the written program after compiling.
6. This HEX file contains the machine code which should be written in controller flash
memory.
7. Choose the programming device (usually SPI programmer made for AVR
controllers) which establishes communication between PC and ATMEGA328P. You
can also program ATMEGA328P using ARDUINO UNO board.
8. Run the programmer software and choose the appropriate hex file.

9. Burn the HEX file of written program in ATMEGA328P flash memory using this
program.
10. Disconnect the programmer, connect the appropriate peripherals for the controller
and get the system started
4.4 APPLICATIONS
There are hundreds of applications for ATMEGA328P:
 Used in ARDUINO UNO, ARDUINO NANO and ARDUINO MICRO boards.

 Industrial control systems.
 SMPS and Power Regulation systems.
 Digital data processing.
 Analog signal measuring and manipulations.
 Embedded systems like coffee machine, vending machine.
 Motor control systems.
 Display units.
 Peripheral Interface system.
4.5 EYE BLINK SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects
of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion. These types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is
called
a passive IR sensor. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by
an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is
simply an IR photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by
the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

4.6 Eye Blink Monitoring Mechanism
One main condition is that the IR transmitter and receiver should be in a straight line for
optimum performance. The transmitter transmits IR rays into the eye of the driver.
Depending on whether the eye is closed or open, there will be high output for closed eye and
low output for open eye. The transmitted signal is captured by the IR receiver. This receiver
is connected to the comparator. The comparator is an op amp where the reference voltage is
given to inverting input terminal and the output of receiver is given to non-inverting terminal.
When the IR transmitter passes the rays to the receiver, the receiver is conducting due to the
fact that non inverting input voltage is less than inverting input voltage. Now the output of
comparator is GND, so output is given to microcontroller.

Fig 4.7 Infrared Based Blink Detection
Operating Voltage :+5V DC regulated

Operating Current :100mA
Eye Blink Indicated by LED and Output High Pulse
5V (High) → LED ON When Eye is close.
0V (Low) → LED OFF when Eye is open.
4.6 ALCOHOL SENSOR
The MQ series of gas sensors utilizes a small heater inside with an electro chemical
sensor these sensors are sensitive to a range of gasses are used at room temperature. MQ3
alcohol sensor is a Sno2 with a lower conductivity of clean air. When the target explosive gas
exists, then the sensor’s conductivity increases more increasing more along with the gas
concentration rising levels. By using simple electronic circuits, it convert the charge of
conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.
The MQ135 gas sensor has high sensitivity in ammonia, sulfide, benze steam, smoke
and in other harm full gas. It is low cost and suitable for different applications. There are
different types of alcohol sensors like MQ-2, MQ-3, MQ-4, MQ-5, MQ-6, etc.
Fig 4.8 MQ3 Alcohol Sensor
If there is more alcohol concentration then Alarm will buzz. If there is less alcohol
concentration then LCD display an Voluntary action. Hence you can get to know about the
concentration and thus detect alcohol.

• Operating voltage: 2.5V to 5.0V
• Active at temperature ranging: -10 to 50° C
• DO output: Digital 0 and 1 (0.1 and 1V)
• AO output: 0.1- 0.3 V (relative to pollution), the maximum voltage of 4V.
4.6.1 APPLICATIONS OF MQ 3 GAS SENSOR
• Air quality monitor
• Detection of harmful gases
• Domestic air pollution detection
• Industrial pollution detection
• Portable air pollution detection
4.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is a
combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to
produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display screens
that are generally used in laptop computer screens, TVs, cell phones, and portable video
games. LCD’s technologies allow displays to be much thinner when compared to a cathode
ray tube (CRT) technology.

Fig 4.10 16X2 LCD DISPLAY WITH I2C
Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which include two polarized
panel filters and electrodes. LCD technology is used for displaying the image in a notebook or
some other electronic devices like mini computers. Light is projected from a lens on a layer of
liquid crystal. This combination of colored light with the grayscale image of the crystal (formed
as electric current flows through the crystal) forms the colored image. This image is then
displayed on the screen.
An LCD is either made up of an active matrix display grid or a passive display grid.
Most of the Smartphone’s with LCD technology uses active matrix display, but some of the
older displays still make use of the passive display grid designs. Most of the electronic devices
mainly depend on liquid crystal display technology for their display. The liquid has a unique
advantage of having low power consumption than the LED or cathode ray tube.The liquid
crystal display screen works on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting light. LCDs
require a backlight as they do not emit light them. We always use devices which are made up of
LCD’s displays which are replacing the use of cathode ray tube. Cathode ray tube draws more
power compared to LCDs and is also heavier and bigger.

Fig 4.11 16x2 LCD Module Pinout
Fig 4.12 Interface Pin Description
4.8 RELAY
A Relay is an electromechanical device that can be used to make or break an electrical

connection. It consists of a flexible moving mechanical part which can be controlled
electronically through an electromagnet, basically, a relay is just like a mechanical switch but
you can control it with an electronic signal instead of manually turning it on or off. Again this
working principle of relay fits only for the electromechanical relay. There are many types of
relay and each relay has its own application, a standard, and generally used relay is made up of
electromagnets which in general used as a switch. Dictionary says that relay means the act of
passing something from one thing to another, the same meaning can be applied to this device
because the signal received from one side of the device controls the switching operation on the
other side. So relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically.

Fig 4.8 Electrical Relay
The main operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal
without any human involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF. It is mainly used to control a
high powered circuit using a low power signal. Generally, a DC signal is used to control the
circuit which is driven by high voltage like controlling AC home appliances with DC signals
from microcontrollers.
Relays are not only used in the large electrical circuits but also used in computer
circuits in order to perform the arithmetic and mathematical operations in it. Used to control the
electric motor switches. To turn ON an electric motor we need 230V AC supply but in few
cases/applications, there may be a situation to switch ON the motor with a DC supply voltage.
In those cases, a relay can be used. Automatic stabilizers are one of its applications where a
relay is used. When the supply voltage is other than the rated voltage, set of relays sense the
voltage variations and controls the load circuit with the help of circuit breakers.
4.9 POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical

load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate
standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power.
Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer
electronics devices. Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the
current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical

fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from

reaching the load, and storing energy
so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power
(uninterruptible power supply).
Fig 4.13 Power Supply Adaptor for Arduino UNO
The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board.
The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
4.10 BUZZER
A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our

project/system. It is very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used
on breadboard, Perf Board and even on PCBs which makes this a widely used component in
most electronic applications.
There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown here is a
simple buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beeeeeeppp.... sound, the other
type is called a readymade buzzer which will look bulkier than this and will produce a Beep.
Beep. Beep. Sound due to the internal oscillating circuit present inside it. But, the one shown

here is most widely used because it can be customised with help of other circuits to fit easily in
our application.
This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply ranging from
4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is recommended to use a regulated +5V
or +6V DC supply.
Fig 4.14 Electronic Buzzer Alarm Sounder
The buzzer is normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the buzzer at
required time and require interval.
• Sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping

sound.
• Power supply ranging from 4V to 9V.
• It generates sound in a frequency range of 1 to 7 kHz
4.11 DC (Direct Current) MOTOR
A DC (Direct Current) motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts

direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is no exaggeration to say that DC
motors are being used all around us in our daily lives. They are used in many different ways and
take on many different forms. Examples from your home might include air conditioners,

refrigerators, and water heaters. At work, DC motors will likely be used in your office's audio
visual projectors or inside the ATMs used by banks. Use of the motors extends well beyond
these examples, encompassing home appliances, especially air ventilation systems, and also
cars and medical devices.
DC motors are produced in huge volumes and, as a source of noise and a means of
achieving energy efficiency, they play a very important role both in determining living
conditions and in the global environment.
Fig 4.15 DC Motor for Arduino
4.11.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR
Advantages
 No need for a drive circuit when running at constant speed

 High-efficiency design
 Able to operate at high speeds
 High startup torque
 Responsive and easy to use as speed and torque can be controlled by voltage
Disadvantages
 Motor life is shortened by the need for brushes and a commutator, which are subject
to wear.

 The brushes generate both electrical and acoustic noise
4.11.2 FEATURES OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
Advantages
 Lack of brushes means long motor life

 High-efficiency design
 Stability of speed contro
 Able to operate at high speeds

 High startup torque
4.12 ARDUINO SOFTWARE USED
Embedded C is one of the most popular and most commonly used Programming
Languages in the development of Embedded Systems. So, in this article, we will see some of
the Basics of Embedded C Program and the Programming Structure of Embedded C. Embedded
C is perhaps the most popular languages among Embedded Programmers for programming
Embedded Systems. There are many popular programming languages like Assembly, BASIC,
C++ etc. that are often used for developing Embedded Systems but Embedded C remains
popular due to its efficiency, less development time and portability.
An Embedded System can be best described as a system which has both the hardware
and software and is designed to do a specific task. A good example for an Embedded System,
which many households have, is a Washing Machine.We use washing machines almost daily
but wouldn’t get the idea that it is an embedded system consisting of a Processor (and other
hardware as well) and software.
4.12.1 PROGRAMMING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
As mentioned earlier, Embedded Systems consists of both Hardware and Software. If

we consider a simple Embedded System, the main Hardware Module is the Processor. The

Processor is the heart of the Embedded System and it can be anything like a Microprocessor,
Microcontroller, DSP, CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and FPGA (Field
Programmable Gated Array).
All these devices have one thing in common: they are programmable i.e. we can write
a program (which is the software part of the Embedded System) to define how the device
actually works. Embedded Software or Program allow Hardware to monitor external events
(Inputs) and control external devices (Outputs) accordingly. During this process, the program
for an Embedded System may have to directly manipulate the internal architecture of the
Embedded
hardware (usually the processor) such as Timers, Serial Communications Interface, Interrupt
Handling, and I/O Ports etc.From the above statement, it is clear that the Software part of an
Embedded System is equally important to the Hardware part. There is no point in having
advanced Hardware Components with poorly written programs (Software).
There are many programming languages that are used for Embedded Systems like
Assembly (low-level Programming Language), C, C++, JAVA (high-level programming
languages), Visual Basic, JAVA Script (Application level Programming Languages), etc.
In the process of making a better embedded system, the programming of the system plays a
vital role and hence, the selection of the Programming Language is very important.
 Select your board type and port
You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your
Arduino board.
NOTE: We have updated the ARDUINO board with a fresh bootloader. Boards sold
from us from January 2018 have this new bootloader, while boards manufactured
before that date have the old bootloader. First, make sure you have the Arduino AVR
Core 1.16.21 or later looking at the Board Manager. Then, to program the NEW
Arduino boards you need to choose Processor > "ATmega328P". To program old
boards, you need to choose Processor > "ATmega328P (Old Bootloader)". If you get an

error while uploading or you are not sure which bootloader you have, try each type of
processor 328P until your board gets properly programmed.
Upload and Run your first Sketch
To upload the sketch to the Arduino Nano, click the Upload button in the upper left to
load and run the sketch on your board:
Wait a few seconds - you should see the RX and TX leads on the board flashing. If the upload
is successful, the message "Done uploading." will appear in the status bar.
4.12.2 FACTORS FOR SELECTING THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The following are few factors that are to be considered while selecting the
Programming Language for the development of Embedded Systems.

 Size: The memory that the program occupies is very important as Embedded

Processors like Microcontrollers have a very limited amount of ROM.
 Speed: The programs must be very fast i.e. they must run as fast as possible. The
hardware should not be slowed down due to a slow running software.
 Portability: The same program can be compiled for different processors.
 Ease of Implementation
 Ease of Maintenance
 Readability
Earlier Embedded Systems were developed mainly using Assembly Language. Even
though Assembly Language is closest to the actual machine code instructions, the lack of
portability and high amount of resources spent on developing the code, made the Assembly
Language difficult to work with. There are other high-level programming languages that offered
the above mentioned features but none were close to C Programming Language.
4.13 KEIL COMPILER / C51 C Compiler
The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C
compiler in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available
today.
The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once
compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the C51
Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which
contain full symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit
emulator. In addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may
optionally include symbol table and cross reference information.
4.13.1 FEATURES
 Nine basic data types, including 32-bit IEEE floating-point,

 Flexible variable allocation with bit, data, bdata, idata, xdata, and pdata memory

types,
 Interrupt functions may be written in C,
 Full use of the 8051 register banks,
 Complete symbol and type information for source-level debugging,
 Use of AJMP and ACALL instructions,
 Bit-addressable data objects,
 Built-in interface for the RTX51 Real-Time Kernel,
 Support for dual data pointers on Atmel, AMD, Cypress, Dallas Semiconductor,
Infineon, Philips, and Triscend microcontrollers,
 Support for the Philips 8xC750, 8xC751, and 8xC752 limited instruction sets,
 Support for the Infineon 80C517 arithmetic unit.
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
5.1 ADVANTAGES
• This device provides much advanced facilities in now a day’s life as it can be easily
implemented in vehicles.
• This device provides safety for government transports. It is useful for tour & travel
agency.
• The eye blink module of this project can be separately used for RFID detection in
global industries.
• There is no need for remote control applications.
• Reduce the number of accidents.

5.2 APPLICATIONS
• It can be used in image processing application by replacing sensor to camera

module.
• It can also be used in schools, colleges, offices and some public places taking
attention of drunken persons and in Military
• application where high intensity monitoring of soldier is needed.
• Mainly used in Flight control centers.
• It can be used in wireless technology.
• It can be used in Security application.
CHAPTER 6
RESULT
Component Range INPUT OUTPUT
Eye Blink sensor: LCD displays ‘Eye is open’ and Motor
100cm-500cm(1-5meters If eye is open
runs continuously.
/ 3-15 Feet)
If eye is closed LCD displays ‘Eye closed Detected’,
Buzzer will make a Continuous
Beeeeeeppp.... sound and slowly motor
stops running.
Alcohol Sensor: If Alcohol not detected LCD displays ‘Alcohol not detected’ and
0.004 To 4 mg/Density motor runs continuously.
If Alcohol is detected LCD displays ‘Alcohol detected’,
Buzzer will make a continuous
Beeeepppp……sound and slowly motor

stops running.
Fig 6.1 Alert given on LCD display

Fig 6.2 Implementation of Vehicle Accident Prevention System Using Eye

Blink and Alcohol Sensor
CHAPTER 7

7.1 CONCLUSION
Nowadays, people have become more prone to accident. So, we as an engineer need
to take some action against this and provide the desired solution. For the safety of the human
being some automation is made. The purpose of such a model is to advance a system to detect
fatigue symptoms in drivers and control the speed of vehicle to avoid accidents. Advanced
technology offers some hope avoid these up to some extent. This project involves
measure and controls eye blink using IR sensor and Alcohol Sensor. We can automatically
slow down the vehicle and stops the vehicle preventing from accident.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
In future, this system can be extended to more applications. Driver’s drowsiness can
result to lack of control of the vehicle and leads to accidents. If driver feels drowsy driver can’t
control the vehicle. To improve the rescue assistance in the accident spot, image processing
can be used more effectively in order to determine the environmental factor with the
exact location using GPS. This provides the latitude and longitude information about vehicle
location through GSM. Vibration sensors are also fixed to measure the damage of the vehicle.
Based on the frequency values, the damage condition of the vehicle is measured. If a vehicle
has met accident, vibration sensor gives signal to the system and image is sent to the hospital
server. Based on this ambulance rescue will be sent to defined location. This system only looks
at the number of consecutive frames where the eyes are closed. At that point it may be too late
to issue the warning. By studying eye movement patterns, it is possible to find a method to
generate the warning in lesser time. Using Pressure sensor on the steering alarm or
Automatic braking System can be set in case of exhaustion.
By using wire-less technology such as Car Talk2000 if the driver gets a heart attack or
he is drunk it will send signals to vehicles nearby about this so driver become alert.
REFERENCES

[1] DEEKSHA ASHUTHA K. ARAVINDA B, CHAITHRA LAKSHMI C. Sensor based

accident prevention system. International Journal of Computer Applications, pages 36–39,
2012.
[2] YIMING SHAO JINSHUAN PENG, CHENWEI WANG and JIN XU. Visual search
efficiency evaluation method for potential connected vehicles on sharp curves. 1Progama de
Pos-Graduac ao em Ciencia da Informac ˆ ao (PPGCI) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
(UFMG), pages 132–143
[3] Dankyi, D. A. (2010) Tema records 75 deaths in 732 Accidents between January-
September: http://newtimes.com.gh/story/tema-records-75-death-in-732-accidents-between-
January-September- 2010.
[4] Morris, E. (2009): Top Causes of Car Accidents. Ezine Articles, http://ezinearticles.com/?
Expert=Eric_ Morris.
[5] Adomako, A. K. (2006): Fieldwork on a Ghanaian Road. Ghanaian Chronicle
http://anthroad.twoday.net/stories/770885
[6] World Health Organization. (2009). Global status report on road safety. Retrieved from the
World Wide Web http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety _status/2009/en/

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Vehicle Accident Prevention System

1.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Based on official statistic abstracts, published and unpublished surveys on road

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II. Specific Objective

1. Provide a system that is fully automated to help vehicle occupants even

1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

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E.Animal Vehicle Collision

F. Mass Casualty Incident

1.3 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software and

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Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e.,

An embedded system is a component within some larger system. For example,

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1.3.1 CHARECTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems.

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1.3.2 TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1. Real Time Embedded Systems

3. Networked Embedded Systems

4. Mobile Embedded System

1. Real time embedded systems

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly

2. Stand Alone Embedded Systems

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3. Networked Embedded Systems

Networked Embedded Systems depend on connected network to perform its assigned

4. Mobile Embedded Systems

1.3.3 ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

The advantages of Embedded Systems are:

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

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A number of technological and sociological improvements have helped reduce traffic

responders of the accident occurrence.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

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Fig 1.1: Percentage of Accident in India

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1.6 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded systems are used in different applications like automobiles,

• Embedded system in Automobiles and in telecommunications.

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2.1] DEEKSHA ASHUTHA K. ARAVINDA B, CHAITHRA LAKSHMI C. Sensor based

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Accurate discrimination of driving proficiency is essential to improve driving safety.

2.3] Design of Vehicle Accident Prevention System Using Wireless Technology

Driver drowsiness is a significant factor in vehicular accidents and therefore different

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information to other vehicles at a distance through RF module when drowsiness is detected

2.4 ] Adu.A. (2017, April,03) Road Accident in Ghana: Pulse.com.Gh.

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2.6 Achieving the SDG on road traffic accident

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3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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FIG.3.1 Block Diagram

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The project involves preventing accidents due to drowsiness in vehicles by

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