Philippine Politics and Governance

Political Ideologies
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to a system of belief about how society should function, behave, and
operate.
a. Ideology
b. Philosophy
c. Psychology
d. Theology

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of political ideology?

a. It creates laws in order to achieve a perfect society.
b. It offers an account of existing order by examining what works and what
does not work.

c. It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved.
d. It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of Good Society
3. It is the set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties.
a. Conservatism
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. None of the above
4. What set of political beliefs emphasizes preservation of customs and
traditions that define the character of a society?
a. Conservatism
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. None of the above

5. Which of the following describes a set of political beliefs emphasizing

community and social equality?
a. Conservatism
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. None of the above

6. Which of the following is NOT a key idea of Liberalism?

a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Reason
7. It is the core principle of Liberalism.
a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Reason

8. What key idea of Liberalism is being described in the statement below?

It is a desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses.
a. Fraternity
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Reason

9. Which is true about the key ideas of Conservatism?

a. Authority, Consent, Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition
b. Authority, Equality ,Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition
c. Authority, Human imperfection, Pragmatism , Property, Tradition
d. Consent, Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition, Toleration
10. What belief states that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and
practical goals, or simply by “what works”?
a. Authority
b. Freedom
c. Individualism
d. Pragmatism
 In order to understand
the different issues in
Political politics and
governance, it is
important to recognize
Ideologies the various
frameworks, theories
and political ideologies
involved.
 What idea or concept is being depicted by this
picture? In 3-4 sentences give your insights
about it. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

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 Meaning of Ideology

Ideology according to Heywood (2007)

refers to a system of beliefs about how
society should function, behave, and
operate. He further explains that from a
social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a
more or less coherent set of ideas that
provides a basis for organized political
action, whether this is intended to
preserve, modify or overthrow the existing
system of power relationships.
 Political ideologies are very important in a
society. Heywood (2007) also described the
following functions of political ideology:
(1) It offers an account of the existing order by
Functions of Political examining what works and what does not work, as
Ideology well as other various issues and problems that the
state and the broader society are confronted with.
(2) It provides a model of a desired social order, a
vision of the Good Society.
(3) It outlines how political change or the desired
social order can be achieved.
 There are many political ideologies.
On this module we will concentrate
Major more on these three major political
ideologies. These are the Liberalism,
Political Conservatism, and Socialism.
Ideologies Heywood (2007) explained the key
ideas under these ideologies. Read his
explanations below:
 Liberalism
Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs
emphasizing individual rights and liberties. Its key
ideas are the following:
Key Ideas of Liberalism
1. Individualism: It is the core principle of liberal
ideology. Individualism is further
explained as:
• belief in the supreme importance of the human
• human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they
possess separate and unique identities
• the liberal goal is to construct a society within which
individuals can flourish and develop
2. Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is
the core value of liberalism. Under freedom
are the following features:

• desire to ensure that each person is able to act as

he or she pleases or chooses

• advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they recognize

that one person’s liberty may be a threat to the
liberty of others
3. Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational
structure, and that this can be uncovered through the
exercise of human reason and by critical enquiry.
Furthermore, the key idea of reason favors the following:

• faith in the ability of individuals to make wise

judgments;

• individuals as the best judges of their own interests;

• belief in progress and the capacity of human beings

to resolve their differences through debate and
argument, rather than bloodshed and war.
4. Equality: This refers to the belief that individuals
are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of moral worth.
Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights
namely:

• legal equality (‘equality before the law’);

• political equality (‘one person, one vote; one

vote, one value’).
5. Toleration: It means
willingness to allow others to
think, speak and act in ways
which they disapprove. This
promotes debate and intellectual
progress.
6. Consent: It will advocate that
authority and social relationships
should always be based on consent or
willing agreement. Under this idea, the
government must therefore be based on
the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority
is always grounded in legitimacy.
Conservatism

Conservatism refers to set of

political beliefs based on
preservation of customs and
traditions that define the
character of a society. Here are
the key ideas of conservatism:
Key Ideas of Conservatism
 Key Ideas of Conservatism

1.Tradition: It is the central theme of conservative thought or ‘the desire

to conserve’. It respects established customs and institutions that have
endured through time. Tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the
past, and institutions and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and
it should be preserved for the benefit of the living and for generations yet
to come.

2. Pragmatism: It is the belief that action should be shaped by practical

circumstances and practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’

3. Human imperfection: In this view, human beings are limited,

dependent, and security-seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the
tried and tested. Human beings are needing to live in stable and orderly
communities. The maintenance of order requires a strong state, the
enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties.
4. Authority: Conservatives hold that, to some degree,
authority is always exercised ‘from above’, providing
leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the
knowledge, experience or education to act wisely in their own
interests. Authority and leadership are seen as resulting from
experience and training

5. Property: Conservatives see property ownership as being

vital because it gives people security and a measure of
independence from government, and it encourages them to
respect the law and the property of others.
Socialism
Socialism is defined as set of
political beliefs emphasizing
community and social equality
that adheres to the following
ideas:
Key Ideas of Socialism
1. Community: The core of socialism is the vision of human
beings as social creatures linked by the existence of a common
humanity. It highlights the importance of community, and the
degree to which individual identity is fashioned by social
interaction and membership of social groups and collective
bodies. Socialists are inclined to emphasize nurture over nature,
and to explain individual behavior mainly in terms of social
factors, rather than innate qualities.
2. Fraternity: It is sharing a common humanity. Humans are
bound together by a sense of comradeship or fraternity (literally
meaning ‘brotherhood’, but broadened in this context to embrace
all humans). Socialism prefers cooperation over competition and
favors collectivism over individualism. Cooperation enables
people to harness their collective energies/strengthens the bonds
of community.
3. Social equality is the central
value of socialism: It emphasizes
equality of outcome as opposed
to equality of opportunity. The
measure of social equality is
looked upon as guarantee of
social stability and cohesion.
4. Need is of primary importance in Socialism: It is the
belief that material benefits should be distributed on the
basis of need, rather than simply on the basis of merit or
work: ‘From each according to his ability, to each
according to his need’. The satisfaction of basic needs
(hunger, thirst, shelter, health, personal security and so
on) is a prerequisite for a worthwhile human existence
and participation in social life.
5. Social class: Socialism has traditionally
been associated with the interests of an
oppressed and exploited working class -
regarded the working class as an agent of
social change. The socialist goal is the
eradication of economic and social
inequalities, or their substantial reduction.
6. Common ownership: The socialist
case for common ownership is that it is
a means of harnessing material
resources to the common good, with
private property being seen to promote
selfishness, acquisitiveness and social
division.
Different Ideologies and their Perspectives on the
State
Socialism, Liberalism and Conservatism are political
ideologies that have different perspective or view on the
state. According to Mendoza and Melegrito (2016) have the
following explanations:
B. Based from your answers on the table above, which do you think
is the best ideology that fits in the Philippines? Explain your answer
concisely. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Based on your understanding, explain the word ideology.
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2. Why is it important to have a certain ideology in the society?

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3. How do ideologies bring about social change?
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If you were given a chance to be part of the government,
what kind of political ideologies would you prefer? Tell us
about it briefly. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
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 W h a t I N e e d to K n o w

T h e s c o p e o f t hi s m o d u l e wi l l h e l p y o u
understand the meaning of ideology and
political ideologies. T h e basic tenets or
doctrines of different political ideologies will
b e p r e s e nt e d o n this lesson. T h e funct i ons o f
p ol i t i c a l i d e o l o g i e s wi l l b e e n u m e r a t e d a n d
explained. T h e political ideologies will b e
c o m p a r e d t o the different perspectives o n the
state. A t t h e e n d o f t h e m o d u l e , y o u wi l l b e
abl e t o relate t h e c o n c e p t s that y o u h a v e
learned with your everyday life by recognizing
h o w political ideologies bring about social c h a n g e a n d i m p a c t
o n t h e s o c i a l a n d political life of Filipinos.
T h e m o d u l e h a s o n e lesson, n a m e l y :

• Lesson 1 – Political Ideologies

After goi ng through this m odul e, y o u are expected to:

1. identify the basic tenets of m aj or political ideologies (i.e., liberalism,
conservatism , socialism);
2. d ifferentiate t he political ; a n d
3. analyze h o w political ideologies impact o n the social and political life of
Filipino.

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 What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the

letter of the correct a n s w e r o n a s e p a r a t e s h e e t o f p a p e r.
1. It refers to a s y s t e m of belief about h o w society shoul d function, behave,
and operate.
a. Ideology
b. Phi l osophy
c. Psychology
d. Theology

2. Which of the following is N O T a function of political ideology?

a. It creates l a ws in order to achi eve a perfect society.
b. It offers a n account of existing order b y e xa m i ni ng w h a t wo r k s a n d w h a t
does not wo r k .
c. It outlines h o w political c h a n g e or the desi red s o cial order c a n b e
achieved.
d. It provides a m o de l of a desired social order, a vision of G o o d Society

3. It is the set of political beliefs e m p h a s i z i ng individual rights a n d liberties.

a. C o n s e r v a t i s m
b. Liberalism
c. So c i a l i s m
d. No n e of the above

4. W h a t set of political beliefs e m p h a s i z e s preservation o f c us t o m s a n d

traditions that d e f i ne t he charact er o f a soci et y?
a. C o n s e r v a t i s m
b. Liberalism
c. So c i a l i s m
d. No n e of the above

5. W h i c h of the following describes a set of political beliefs emphasizing

c o m m u n i t y a n d social e q u ality?
a. Co n s e r v a t i s m
b. Liberalism
c. Socialism
d. No n e of the above

6. Which of the following is N O T a key idea of Liberalism?

a. F r a t e r n i t y
b. F r e e d o m
c. Indi vi dual i sm
d. R e a s o n

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7. It is the core principle of Liberalism.
a. F r a t e r n i t y
b. F r e e d o m
c. Indi vi dual i sm
d. R e a s o n

8. W h a t k e y idea of Liberalism is bei ng desc ribed in the statement b e l o w ?

It is a desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or
chooses.
a. F r a t e r n i t y
b. F r e e d o m
c. Indi vi dual i sm
d. R e a s o n

9. W h i c h is true a bo u t t he k e y ideas o f Co n s e r v a t i s m ?
a. Authority, C o n s e n t , H u m a n imperfection, Pr a gm a t i s m , Tr adi t i on
b. Authority, Equal i t y , H u m a n imperfection, Pr a gm a t i s m , Tradition
c. Authority, H u m a n imperfection, P r a g m a t i s m , Property, Tradition
d. Consent , H u m a n imperfection, Pr a gm a t i s m , Tradition, Toleration

1 0. W h a t belief states that a c t i o n s h o u l d b e s h a p e d b y practical

circumstances
and practical goals, or simply b y “what works”?
a. Aut hori t y
b. F r e e d o m
c. Indi vi dual i sm
d. P r a g m a t i s m

11.T h e k e y i dea o f So c i a l i s m that e m p h a s i z e s o n nur t ure o v e r nature.

a. C o m m u n i t y
b. Fr a t e r ni t y
c. Soci al Cl a s s
d. Social Equality

12.T h e k e y idea of Co n s e r v a t i s m that reflects the a c c um u l a t e d w i s d o m of the

past, institutions a n d pract i ces t hat h a v e b e e n ‘tested b y t i m e’, a n d
a d v o c a t e s that it s h o u l d b e preserved.
a. L a w s
b. N o r m s
c. Religion
d. Tradition

13.W h i c h is N O T a key idea of liberalism o n reason?

a. Belief in progr ess a n d t he c apacity o f h u m a n bei ngs t o resolve their
di ffer ences t h r o u g h d e b a t e a n d a rg u m e n t
b. Belief i n t he s u p r e m e i m p o r t a n c e o f the h u m a n
c. Faith in the ability of individuals to m a k e wi s e j u d g m e n t s
d. Indi vi dual s a s t he best j u d ge s o f their o w n interests

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14.It is the central v a l u e of Socialism.
a. F r a t e r n i t y
b. F r e e d o m
c. Indi vi dual i sm
d. Social Equality

15. A political ideology that prefers cooperation over competition a n d

favors
collectivism over individualism.
a. C o m m u n i s m
b. C o n s e r v a t i s m
c. Li ber al i sm
d. Socialism

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 L e s son
Political Ideologies
1
In or der t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e different i ssues in politics a n d g o v e r n a n c e , it is
i m p o r t a n t t o r e c o g n i z e t h e v a r i o u s f r a m e w o r k s , t h e o r i e s a n d p ol i t i c a l i d e o l o g i e s
involved.

W h a t ’s I n

Fi n d t he w o r d s that are related t o political science. Wr i t e as m a n y w o r d s as y o u

can. A n s w e r s h o u l d b e wr i t t en o n a separ at e sheet o f paper.

R T C H A R T E R R O S E A L L E G I A N C E
U D O N T E O R S B A L L O T Q N H U I S Y U
J I N D E P E N D E N C E G C I T I Z E N S D
G I M E D I C T A T O R F F G F R E E D O M C
J I O B N E R T A U T O N O M Y F H S D F K D
K G U E X I L E G H J K I O P F G D M H J S S
L E X E C U T I V E D U I L P O L L G X C S D
O D F G H J C O N Y I D P R E S I D E N T P A
A R I S T O C R A C Y B A L A N C E N U I O P
S L I B E R T Y Y U I K L E G I S L A T U R E

N o t e s t o t h e Te a c h e r
N o w that y o u have understood the concepts of
politics a n d g ov e r na nc e , y o u m a y n o w p r o c e e d to the
next lesson.

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 W h a t ’s N e w

W h a t idea or concept is being depicted b y this picture? In 3 -4 sentences give your

insights a b o u t it. Wr i t e y o u r a n s w e r o n a separ at e sheet o f paper.

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 W h a t i s It

M e a n i n g of Ideology
Ideology according to Heywood (2007) refers to
a s y s t e m of beliefs a bo u t h o w society s h o u l d
function, behave, a n d operate. H e further
explains that fr o m a social-scientific viewpoint, a n
ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that
provides a basis for organized political action,
whether this is intended to preserve, m o d i f y or
overthrow the existing system of power
rel at i on ships.

F u n cti o ns o f Political I d e o l o g y
Political ideologies are very important in a society. He y wo o d (2007) also described
the following functions of political ideology:

(1) It offers a n a c c ou n t o f the existing order b y e x a m i n i n g w h a t w o r k s a n d

what does not work, as well as other various issues and problems that the
s t a t e a n d the broader society are confr ont ed with.
(2) It provides a m odel of a desired social order, a vision of the G o o d Society.

(3) It outlines h o w political c ha n ge or the desired social order c a n b e achieved.

M a j o r Political Ideologies
Ther e are m a n y political ideologies. O n this m o d u l e w e will concentrate m o r e o n
t hese t hree m a j o r political i deol ogi es. T h e s e a r e t h e Li ber al i sm , C o n s e r v a t i s m , a n d
Socialism. H e y w o o d (2007) explained the k e y ideas under these ideologies. R e a d his
explanations below:

Liberalism
Li b e r al i s m pertains t o set of political beliefs
e m p h a s i z i n g i n d i vi d u a l ri ght s a n d liberties. Its k e y
ideas are the following:

K e y Ideas of Liberalism

1. I n d i v i d u a l i s m : It is t h e c o r e pri nci pl e o f
liberal i d e o l o g y. I n d i v i d u a l i s m i s furt her
explained as:

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 ❖ belief in the s u p r e m e i m p or t a n c e o f the h u m a n
❖ h u m a n b e i n g s a r e s e e n wi t h e qu a l m o r a l wo r t h ; t h e y p os s e s s
separ at e a n d u n i q u e identities
❖ t h e liberal g o a l is t o c on s t r uc t a soci et y w ithin w h i c h i ndi vi dual s
c a n flourish a n d devel op

2. F re e d o m : Individual f r e e do m or liberty is the core value of liberalism.

Under freedom are the following features:

❖ desi re t o e n s u r e t hat e a c h p e r s o n is a bl e t o act a s h e o r s h e p l e a s e s

o r c hoos es

❖ advocat e ‘ f r e e d o m u nd e r the law’, a s t hey recogni ze that o n e

person’s liberty m a y b e a threat to the liberty of others

3. R e a s o n : Li ber al s bel i eve that t he w o r l d h a s a rational st ruct ure , a n d that

this can be uncovered through the exercise of h u m a n reason and b y critical
enquiry. Furthermore, t he k e y idea of reason favors the following:

❖ faith in the ability of individuals to m a k e wi se judgments;

❖ individuals as the best j udges o f their o w n interests;

❖ belief in progress a n d the capacity of h u m a n beings to resolve

t h e i r d i ff e r e n c e s t h r o u g h d e b a t e a n d a rg u m e n t , r a t h e r t h a n
b l o o d s h e d a n d wa r.

4. E q u a l i t y : T h i s refers t o t h e bel i ef t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s
are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of m oral worth.
Liberalism has strong c om m i t m e n t to equal rights
nam ely:
❖ legal equality (‘equality before the law’);
❖ political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote,
one value’).

5. Tol erati on: It m e a n s willingness t o al l ow others to think, s p e a k a n d act in

w a y s w h i c h t h e y d i s a p p r o v e . T h i s p r o m o t e s d e b a t e a n d intellectual
progr ess .

6 . C o n s e n t : It wi l l a d v o c a t e t h a t a u t h o r i t y a n d s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s s h o u l d
al ways b e based o n consent or willing agreement. U n d e r this idea, the
g o v e r n m e n t m u s t t h e re f o re b e b a s e d o n t h e ‘ c o n s e n t o f t h e g o v e r n e d ’ .
Authority is always grounded in legitimacy.

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Conservatism

Conservat i sm refers to set of political beliefs

b a s e d o n preservation o f c u s t o m s a n d traditions
t h a t d e f i n e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a s o c i e t y. H e r e a r e
the k e y ideas of conservatism:

K e y Ideas of Co ns e r va t i s m

1. Tr a di t i o n : It is the central t h e m e o f conservative t h o ug h t o r ‘the desire to

c on s e r v e ’ . It respect s e s t a bl i s h e d c u s t o m s a n d institutions that h a v e
e n d u r e d t h r o u g h t i m e . Tr a d i t i o n reflects t h e a c c u m u l a t e d w i s d o m o f t h e
past, a n d institutions a n d pract i ces that h a v e b e e n ‘tested b y t i m e’, a n d it
shoul d b e preserved for the benefit o f the living a n d for generations y e t to
come.

2. P r a g m a t i s m : It is the belief that action should b e s h a pe d b y practical

ci rcum st ances a n d practical goals, that is, b y ‘ wha t works’.

3. H u m a n i m p e r f ection: In this vi ew, h u m a n bei ngs are limited, dependent ,

a nd security-seeking creatures, d r a w n to the familiar a nd the tried a n d
tested. H u m a n beings are needing to live in stable a n d orderly
c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f o r d e r r e q ui r e s a s t r on g state, t h e
enf or cem ent o f strict laws, a n d stiff penalties.

4. A u t h o r i t y : C o n s e r v a t i v e s h o l d that, t o s o m e d e g r e e ,
authority is a l wa y s exerci sed ‘ f r o m above’ , p r o vi di n g
leadership, guidance a nd support for those w h o lack
the knowledge, experience or education to act wisely in
their o w n interests. Au t h o r i t y a n d l eadershi p a r e s e e n
as resulting f r o m experi ence a n d training.

5. P ro p e r t y : Co n s e r v a t i v e s see propert y o wn e r s h i p a s b e i n g vital b e c a u s e it

g i v e s p e o p l e s e c ur i t y a n d a m e a s u r e o f i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m g o v e r n m e n t ,
a n d it e n c o u r a g e s t h e m t o respect t h e l a w a n d t h e p r o pe r t y o f others.

Socialism
Socialism is defined as set of political beliefs em phasi zi ng c o m m u n i t y a n d social
e quality that adheres t o the following ideas:

K e y I de a s of Soci al i sm

1. C o m m u n i t y : T h e cor e of socialism is the

vision of h u m a n beings as social
creat ures l i n k e d b y t he e xi s t e n c e o f a
c o m m o n h u m a n i t y. It hi ghl i ght s t he
importance o f c om m u ni t y, a n d the degree
t o w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l i dent i t y i s f a s h i o n e d

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 b y social interaction a n d m e m b e r s h i p of social groups a n d collective
bodies. Socialists are inclined to emphasize nurture over nature, a n d to
e xp l a i n i n d i vi d u a l b e h a v i o r m a i n l y i n t e r m s o f social factors, rat her t h a n
i nnat e qualities.

2. Frat erni ty : It is sharing a c o m m o n hum ani t y. H u m a n s are b o u n d together

b y a s e n s e o f c o m r a d e s h i p o r fraternity (literally m e a n i n g ‘ b r o t h e r ho o d’ ,
b u t b r o a d e n e d i n this c o n t e x t t o e m b r a c e all h u m a n s ) . S o c i a l i s m p r e f e r s
cooper at i on o v e r c om p e t i t i on a n d favor s collectivism o v e r individualism.
Cooperation e na b l e s people to harness their collective
e ne rgi e s / s t r e ng t h e ns t h e b o n d s o f c o m m u n i t y.

3. Soci al e qua l i t y is t h e central v a l u e o f s o c i a l i s m :

It e m p h a s i z e s e q u a l i t y o f o u t c o m e a s o p p o s e d t o
equality o f opportunity. T h e m e a s u r e of social
equality is l o o k e d u p o n a s g ua r a n t e e o f social
stability a n d cohesi on.

4. N e e d is of p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e i n Socialism: It is the belief that material

benefi t s s h o u l d b e distributed o n t he basi s o f n e e d , rather t h a n s i m p l y o n
t h e b a s i s o f m e r i t o r w o r k : ‘ F r o m e a c h a c c o r d i n g t o h i s abi l i t y, t o e a c h
a c c o r d i n g t o h i s n e e d ’ . T h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f b a s i c n e e d s ( h u n g e r, t h i r s t ,
shelter, heal t h, p e r s o n a l s e c ur i t y a n d s o o n ) is a p r e r e q u i s i t e for a
wo r t h whi l e h u m a n existence a n d participation i n social life.

5. Social class: Soci al i sm h a s traditionally b e e n associated wi t h the interests

of a n o pp r e s s e d a n d expl oi t ed w o r k i n g class - r e g a r d e d t he w o r k i n g class
as a n agent of social change. T h e socialist goal is the eradication of
e c o n o m i c a n d social inequalities, o r their substantial reduct i on.

6. C o m m o n o w n e r s hi p: T h e socialist c a s e for c o m m o n o wn e r s h i p i s that it

is a m e a n s o f h a r n e s s i n g m a t e r i a l re s o u rc e s t o t h e c o m m o n g o o d , w i t h
private property being seen to prom ote selfishness, acquisitiveness a n d
social division.

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D i f f e re n t Id e o l o g i e s a n d thei r P e r s p e c t i v e s o n t h e S t a t e
Socialism, Liberalism and Conservatism are political ideologies that have different
perspective or view on the state. A ccording to Mendoza and Melegrito (2016) have the
following explanations:

Political Ideol ogi es P e r s p e c t i v e o n t h e s t at e

Socialism • Co n s i d e r s t h e state a s e m b o d i m e n t o f t he c o m m o n
good and approves government intervention in
implementing laws concerning the welfare of the
citizens.
• Co o pe r a t i o n is m o r e i m por t ant t h a n com pet i t i on
Liberalism • Vi e w s the state as a tool or i nst r um ent of social order
• Recognizes the state in providing equal opportunities to
all citizens.
Conservat i sm • Li n k s t he state wi t h t he n e e d t o provi de authority a n d
discipline i n order to protect society f r o m c ha o s a n d
social disorder.

What’s M o r e

ACTIVITY 1
U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e Political Ideologies
A . Fi l l i n t h e t a b l e w i t h t h e n e e d e d i n f o r m a t i o n . Wr i t e y o u r
a n s w e r o n a s e p a r a t e sheet o f paper.

Political
Ide ologies Major Features S t r e ng t hs We a kne s s e s

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B. Ba s e d from your answers o n the table a bove , whi c h d o y o u think is the best
i d e o l o g y t h a t fits i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s ? E x p l a i n y o u r a n s w e r c o n c i s e l y . Wr i t e y o u r
a n s w e r o n a s e p a r a t e s h e e t o f p a p e r.

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What I Have Learned

A n s w e r the following q uestions. Wr i t e y ou r a ns we r o n a separate

sheet of paper .
1. B a s e d o n y ou r understanding, expl ai n t he w o r d ideology.

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2. W h y is it important t o h a v e a certain i deol ogy in the society?

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 ________________________________________________________________________

3. H o w d o ideologies bring about social change?

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What I Can Do

If y o u w e r e gi ven a c h a n c e to b e part of the g o v e r n m e n t , w h a t

k i n d o f p o l i t i c a l ideologies wo u l d y ou prefer? Tell us about it briefly. Write your
answer o n a separate sheet o f paper.

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N o t e : Yo u w i l l b e5 g r a d e d u s i n
4g t h e s e r u b3r i c s f o r a l l t h 2e e s s a y q u e s t i o 1n s .
VERY
CATEGORY EXCELLENT GOOD AVERAGE NEEDS UNACCEPTABLE
IMPROVEMENT

Id eas Th is p ap er is This p ap er is Th e writer is Topic is not well- Yet, the p a p e r h a s

clear a n d mostly beginning to defined and/or n o clear sen se of
f o c u s e d . It focused an d define the there a re t o o p u rp o se o r central
holds the has some topic, e v e n m a n y topics. theme. To extract
re ad er's g o o d details though m e a n i n g fro m the
a t t e n tion. a n d q u o tes. d e v e l o p m e n t is text, t h e re a d e r
Relevant still basic o r must make
details a n d general. inferences b a se d
quotes enrich

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 the central o n sk etch y o r
t h e m e. missing details.

Organization The organization Paper (and The Sentences within T h e writing lacks a
enhances and p a r a g r a p h s) organizational paragraphs m a k e clear sense o f
showcases the are mostly structure is sense, but the d irectio n . Id e a s,
central id ea o r o rg an ized , i n strong e n o u g h o rd e r o f details, o r ev en ts
theme. The o r d e r, a n d to m o v e the paragraphs does seem strung
order, makes sense reader through not. together in a loose
structure o f to th e reader. the text wi th o u t or r a n d o m fashion;
i n fo rm a t i o n i s too mu c h th ere is n o
co mp ell in g a n d confu sion. identifiable internal
moves the structure.
reader through
the text.

Se n t ence T h e writing T h e writing T h e text h u m s T h e text se e m s T h e read er h a s to

Fluency has an easy mostly flows, along wi th a c h o p p y a n d is not practice q u it e a bit
fl o w, rh y t h m , and usually steady beat, e a sy to read in order to give this
and cadence. in v i tes o ra l b u t t e n d s to b e orally. p a p e r a fair
Sentences are readi ng. m o re interp retive readi ng.
well built, with b u si n e s sl ik e
strong an d than musical,
varied m o re m e c h a n i cal
structure that th an fluid.
invites
ex p ressi v e oral
readi ng.

C o n ventions The writer T h e write T h e wri ter sh o ws T h e writer se e m s E rrors in spelling,

demonstrates understands re a so n a b le to h av e m a d e little punctuation,
a good grasp of g o o d writing control over a effort to use capitalization,
s t a n d a r d writing convention s limited range of convent ions: usage, and
co nventions and usually s t a n d a r d writing spelling, grammar and/or
(e.g., spelling, uses them co n v en tions. punctuation, paragraphing
punctuation, correctly. Conventio ns capitalization, r e p e a t e d l y d ist ract
capitalization, Paper is are so met imes usage, g ra m m a r the reader a n d
g r a m m a r, u sa g e , e a si l y r e a d , h a n d l e d we l l and/or m a k e t h e text
p arag rap h i ng ) an d errors and enhance paragraphing difficult to read.
and uses are rare; re a d a b i l i t y ; a t have multiple
co nventions mi n or touch - other times, errors.
effectively to ups wo u l d get errors are
enhance this piece distracting a n d
readability. ready to imp air
p u b li sh . readability.

Pre se n tation T h e fo rm an d T h e fo rm a t T h e writer's T h e writer's Th e reader receives

p re se n t a t i o n o f only has a message is messag e is only a g arb led m e s s a g e
the text few mistakes understandable understandable d u e to p ro b l e m s
enhances the a n d is in this fo rmat . o ccasio n al ly, a n d relating t o th e
ability for the generally e a sy p ap er is messi ly presentation o f th e
reader to to r e a d a n d written. text a n d is n o t typ ed.
understand pleasing to
and connect the eye.
with the
messag e. It is
pleasing to the
eye.

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Source: https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=20123 R e t r i e v e d on
A u g u s t 06, 2 0 2 0

Assessment

T R U E O R FA L S E . Write T R U E if the statement is correct and

FA L S E if otherwise. Wr i t e y o u r a n s w e r o n a separ at e sheet.
1. Ideol ogy refers to a s y s t e m or beliefs about h o w society shoul d
function, behave,
a n d o pe r a t e .

2. O n e of the functions of political ideology is to provide a m o de l of a desired

social
order, a vision of the Go o d Society.

3. Li b e r a l i s m pertains to set o f political beliefs e m p h a s i z i n g c o m m u n i t y a n d

social
equality.

4. F r e e d o m is o ne of the k e y ideas of Conservatism.

5. Li ber al s b e l i e v e that t h e w o r l d h a s a rational structure

6. Individualism is the core principle of Liberal ideology.

7. F r e e d o m is the core value of liberalism.

8. Authority is o ne of the k e y ideas of Socialism.

9. Socialist r e g a r d e d the wo r k i n g class a s a n agent o f social c ha n ge .

10.Tradition, toleration, a n d h u m a n i m perf ect i on are k e y ideas o f Co n s e r v a t i s m .

11.Social equality is the central value of socialism .

12.Socialism prefers cooperation over competition .

13.Indi vi dual i sm i s a belief i n t he s u p r e m e i m p o r t a n c e o f t he h u m a n .

14.C o m m o n owner shi p, fraternity a n d social class are k e y ideas of liberalism.

15.Tradition is the central t h e m e of Socialism.

 Additional Activities

D r a w o r m a k e a sket ch o f y o u r d r e a m society. C o n s i d e r at least

o n e o f t he Political Ideologies. P u t your d r a wi n g o n a long b o n d paper.
CRITERIA FOR THE DRAWING
Rel evance to the th e m e ------------------------------------ 25%
Creativity a n d o riginality---------------------------------- 25%
Neat ness a n d o rganization---------------------------- ---- 25%
Overall impression o f the d rawi ng ----------------------- 25%
____________
1 0 0%

Theme: “My Dream Society”

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Answer Key

False 15. D 15.

False 14. D 14.
Tr u e 1 3 . B 13.
Tr u e 1 2 . D 12.
Tr u e 11 . A 11 .
False 10. D 10.
True 9. C 9.
False 8. B 8.
True 7. C 7.
True 6. D 6.
True 5. C 5.
False 4. A 4.
False 3. B 3.
True 2. A 2.
True 1. A 1.

Assessment Know I What

17
R e f e re nc e s
n.d. Basic Essay Writing Rubric. Accessed August 6, 2020.
h t t p s : / / w w w. u e n . o rg / r u b r i c / p r e v i e w R u b r i c . h t m l ? i d = 2 0 1 2 3 .
Heywood, Andrew. 2007. Politics. 3rd Edition.
Mendoza, D . and Melegrito M . 2016. Politics Without Borders.
Pawilen, R.A. et.al. 2017. Philippine Politics and Governance. 1st
Edition.

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education Region III- Learning

Resources
Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS)
Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center
Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)