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PREPARED BY:
Dr. ARCHANA P. DAS
ASST.PROFESSOR
MBCET
TYPES OF ELECTRODES
1. Metal/Metal ion electrode(M/Mn+ )
2. Gas electrode
3. Metal/Insoluble metal salt/ common ion
electrode
4. Redox electrode
5. Ion Selective membrane
1. Metal/Metal ion electrode(M/Mn+ )
• Metal immersed in respective metal salt
solution.
• Electrode potential depends on logarithm of
concentration of the metal ion.
• Eg. Zn/Zn2+ , Cu/Cu2+ etc
2. Gas electrode
• Gas is passed through an inert electrode like
Pt which is immersed in a solution containing
its own ions.
• Eg. Hydrogen electrode (SHE)
• Electrode potential depends on two factors:
Logarithm of concentration of the ions
Pressure at which the gas is bubbled.
3. Metal/Insoluble metal salt/ common ion
electrode
• Metal covered with a paste of its insoluble
metal salt.
• In contact with a solution containing a common
ion with the insoluble salt.
• Eg. Calomel electrode
• Electrode potential depends on the logarithm of
concentration of the common ion.
4. Redox electrode
• An electrode like Pt is in contact with a redox
system.
• Eg. Pt/Fe2+/Fe3+
• Electrode potential depends on the ratio of
logarithm of concentration of all the ionic
species involved in the redox reaction.
5. Ion Selective membrane
• Sensing part of the electrode is usually an ion-
specific membrane.
• Membrane can be glass membrane, crystalline
membrane and ion-exchange resin
membrane.
• Eg. Glass membrane
STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE(SHE)
Zn/Zn2+//H+(1M)/H2 (1atm)/Pt
E0 cell = E0 cathode – E0 anode
= E0 SHE – E0 Zn/Zn2+
Since E0 of SHE is zero,
0.76V= 0- E0 Zn/Zn2+
E0 Zn/Zn2+ = -0.76V
LIMITATIONS OF SHE
• Very cumbersome to set up.
• Requires considerable volume of solution.
• Can be poisoned by compounds like Hg, As, S,
MnO4- etc.
• Cannot be used in solutions containing redox
systems.
• Difficult to maintain pressure of H2 gas at 1atm.
• Difficult to maintain the concentration of 1M HCl.
CALOMEL ELECTRODE
• Calomel is the insoluble compound Hg2Cl2 .
• Secondary reference electrode.
• Most commonly used electrode.
• Consists of a glass tube at the bottom of which a
small amount of Hg is placed.
• Covered with a paste of solid mercurous chloride.
• Further in contact with a solution of KCl.
• Pt wire dipped into the Hg layer is used for
making electrical contact.
• Side tube is used for making electrical contact
with a salt bridge.
• Electrode representation:
Hg/ Hg2Cl2(s) / KCl
• Electrode reaction:
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl-(aq)
• Can act as anode or cathode depending on the
electrode to which it is coupled.
• Nernst equation for calomel electrode is:
Ecal = Eocal - (2.303RT/2F) log [Cl-]2
= Eocal - (2.303RT/F) log [Cl-]
Eocal = 0.2422V
GLASS ELECTRODE
• Ion-selective electrode.
• Made of doped glass membrane sensitive to a
specific ion.
• Consists of low melting glass having high
electrical conductivity.
• Composition of Na2O in this glass is slightly
more than ordinary soda glass.
• Universally employed electrode for pH
measurement.
H + ION SELECTIVE GLASS ELECTRODE