PSYCHOLOGY

-Is the Science of behavior and mental processes.

Science in psychology
Psychological studies use scientific principles, carefully

defined methods , and precise procedures .

Its about how people will behave in the future

how individuals, human or animal, interact with each other and the world in which they live

William James(1842-1910) psychology is the science of mental life

Aspects of human functioning

Overt reactions/ behaviors Social relationships Mental processes Emotional responses Physiological reactions example behavior (a person commits suicide) Cognitive explanation - in terms of knowledge and beliefs he believe he was worthless Emotional explanation -in terms of affects ,moods, feelings he felt depressed Motivational explanation -in terms of drives, needs and goals he no longer wanted to live

Three principles of scientific behavior

OBJECTIVITY- means evaluating research and theory on

their merits, without preconceive ideas or biases.

ACCURACY- gathering data from the laboratory and the

real world in precise ways make psychological studies accurate.

HEALTHY SKEPTICISM- researchers observe many

amazing events and so a careful approach to these strange events and phenomena is necessary.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN PSYCHOLOGY

Stating the problems
Developing hypotheses Designing a study Collecting and analyzing data Replicating results Drawing conclusions and reporting results.

Correlation is not necessarily causation

LEAD TO

BROKEN HOME

CRIME

CORRELATION

FAULTY ASSUMPTION

CORRELATION

CORRELATION

LEADS TO

LEADS TO

POVERTY

BROKEN HOMES CORRELATION CRIME

MORE LIKELY ASSUMPTION

Critical thinking
Consist of collecting and evaluating the evidence, considering the choices, assessing the outcomes, and deciding whether the conclusion make sense. Research criteria purpose Methodology Participants Repeatability conclusions

Gender, ethnicity, and cultural biases.

ETHNICITY CULTURE

GENDER

Early traditions
Structuralism
-developed the first widely accepted school of psychological thought. He founded the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. The structuralist, Wundt, Titchener and other s , tried to observe only the inner workings of the mind to find the elements of conscious experience. They use the technique of INTRO-SPECTION. Or self- examination. the systematic description and analysis by a person of what he or she is thinking or feeling.. WILHELM WUNDT

1832-1920

 Functionalism
He argued that knowing only the contents of consciousness (structuralism) was too limited and thats how the contents of consciousness functioned and worked together should be focused and known.

William James

1842-1910

James published PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY, in which he described the mind as a dynamic set of continuously evolving elements

Mind is like a river, always flowing.. Never remaining still

Gestalt psychology
1880-1943
MAX WERTHEIMER

20th century

Gestalt means configuration- they suggested that conscious experience is more than simply the sum of its individual parts. Believing that each mind organizes the experience into something unique. They proposed that people mold simple sensory elements into patterns through which they then interpret the world. By analyzing the whole experience the patterns of a persons perception and thoughts, - One could understand the mind and its workings.

1887-1941 KARL KOHLER

1886-1941 KURT KOFFKA

Psychological schools
BEHAVIORISM
Watsons contended that behavior , not the private content of the mind, was the proper subject matter of psychology. 1878-1958 According to him psychologists should study only activities that can be objectively observed and measured ; prediction and control should be the theoretical goals of psychology. JOHN B. WATSONS
He describes the relation among events of environment (stimuli) and a persons or animals reactions (responses) . Skinner believe that WE ARE WHAT WE DO - that there is no SELF only a collection of possible behaviors . We also viewed our actions as a result of past experiences rather than genetics.

B.F SKINNER 1904-1990

Humanistic psychology

-They emphasize the uniqueness of each human beings

experience and the idea that human being have free will to determine their destiny. Humanists focus on individual uniqueness and decision making ability, they assume that subjective experience contributes positively to establishing and maintaining a normal lifestyle..

ABRAHAM MASLOW

CARL ROGERS

Cognitive psychology
AARON BECK this perspective focuses on how people solve problems and appraise threatening situations and how they acquire, code, store, and retrieve information. Its simply views the strict behavioral approach as missing a key component- mental processes. They help clients realize that their distorted thoughts about their own importance interfere with the ability to get along with co-workers, classmates, neighbors and so on. ALBERT BANDURA

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
-assumes that behavioral tendencies that help organisms adapt. be fit. And survive are passed on to successive generations. That significant portion of human behavior s and mental abilities are directly coded in the genome- they are innate.

ECLECTICISM - is a combination of facts and techniques . In clinical and counseling psychology , eclecticism means using a variety of approaches to evaluate data, theories and therapies as appropriate for an individual client. and view a problem from several orientations..

Biological perspective/neuroscience perspective

Based on how heredity and biological structure affect mental processes and behavior .it focuses on how physical mechanisms affects emotions, feelings, thoughts, desires, and sensory experiences.

Being fat , disabled, homosexual ,beauty

Felt like ugly, under weight, height insecurity etc. Low self esteem/no confidence