Camera Obscura

A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an
image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. Camera obscura can also refer to
analogous constructions such as a box or tent in which an exterior image is projected inside.

camera obscura, ancestor of the photographic camera. The Latin name means
“dark chamber,” and the earliest versions, dating to antiquity, consisted of
small darkened rooms with light admitted through a single tiny hole.
What is a camera obscura? With a camera obscura, you can perfectly capture
the world around you by projecting what's on the outside down into a
darkened space on the inside. And you don't need a power source. That
means it's not 'magic' — but it is really useful science.

The light from the top of the candle travels down through the hole to the
bottom of the wall opposite. Similarly, the light from the bottom of the candle
appears projected at the top of the wall inside the box, making the image
appear upside down.