VI.

Stoichiometry
PREPARED BY GIL FELICISIMO S. CABRERA
Chemical Equations
•Lavoisier: mass is conserved in a chemical
reaction.
•Chemical equations: descriptions of
chemical reactions.
•Two parts to an equation: reactants and
products:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
Chemical Equations
The chemical equation for the formation of water can be visualized as two
hydrogen molecules reacting with one oxygen molecule to form two water
molecules:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
Chemical Equations
Stoichiometric coefficients: numbers in front of the chemical
formulas; give ratio of reactants and products.
Chemical Equations
Law of conservation of mass: matter cannot be lost in any chemical reactions.

(1C, 4H) (4O) (1C, 2O) (4H, 2O)

Types of Chemical Reactions
•Combination reactions have fewer products than reactants:
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
• The Mg has combined with O2 to form MgO.

•Decomposition reactions have fewer reactants than

products:
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
• The NaN3 has decomposed into Na and N2 gas.
Types of Chemical Reactions
•A single-displacement reaction, also
known as a single-replacement reaction,
is a reaction by which one element
replaces an/other element in a
compound.
•Fe(s) + 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2

• Will occur if the element to be displaced

is less reactive. Refer to the activity series.
Types of Chemical Reactions
•Double replacement reactions—also called double
displacement, exchange, or metathesis reactions—occur when parts
of two ionic compounds are exchanged, making two new
compounds. The overall pattern of a double replacement reaction
looks like this:
FeCl3 + 3NaOH  Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
The Mole
•Because samples of matter
typically contain so many
atoms, a unit of measure
called the mole has been
established for use in
counting atoms.
•1 mole of something = 6.022 
1023 of that thing.
•Experimentally, 1 mole of 12C has
a mass of 12 g.
The Mole
The Mole
Sample Problem
White Phosphorous consists of P4 molecules. It spontaneously ignites
on contact with air. The other allotropes of Phosphorous are not as
reactive. If there are 0.350 moles of P4 molecules:
(a) How many P4 molecules are present?
(b) How many P atoms are present?
Sample Problem
Solution:

(a) 0.35 moles P4 x 6.022  1023

molecules P 4 = 2.11 x 10 23
molecules P4
1 mole P4
(b) 2.11 x 1023 molecules P4 x 4 atoms P = 8.44 x 1023 molecules P4
1 molecule P4
Molar Mass and Formula Unit
The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of 1
mole of the compound. Traditionally, the term molecular
weight (MW) has been used for this quantity. The molar mass
of a known substance is obtained by summing the masses of
the component atoms.
Example:
MW (H2SO4) = 2MW(H) + MW(S) + 4MW(O)
= 2(1.0 g/mol) + (32.0 g/mol) + 4(16.0 g/mol)
= 98.0 g/mol
Mass, Number of Particles and Moles
Divide by Multiply by
Molecular weight Avogadro’s
Number

Mass in Number of
Moles
Grams Particles
Multiply by Divide by
Molecular weight Avogadro’s
Number
Molecular weight depends on the molecule and the elements it contains has a unit of g/mol.

Avogadro’s number: 6.022 x 1023 particles/mole

Sample Problem
Juglone, a dye known for centuries, is produced from the husks
of black walnuts. It is also a natural herbicide (weed killer) that
kills off competitive plants around the black walnut tree but
does not affect grass and other noncompetitive plants. The
formula for juglone is C10H6O3.
(a) Calculate the molar mass of juglone.
(b) A sample of 1.56x10-2 g of pure juglone was extracted from
black walnut husks. How many moles of juglone does this
sample represent?
Sample Problem
Solution:
(a) C: 10 x 12 g/mol = 120 g/mol
H: 6 x 1 g/mol = 6 g/mol
O: 3 x 16 g/mol = 48 g/mol
Total 174 g/mol Juglone
(b) 1.56 x 10-2g Juglone x 1 mol Juglone = 8.97 x 10-5 mol Juglone
174 g Juglone
Sample Problem
Isopentyl acetate (C7H14O2) is the compound
responsible for the scent of bananas. A molecular
model of isopentyl acetate is shown. Interestingly, bees
release about 1 microgram (1x10-6 g) of this compound
when they sting. The resulting scent attracts other bees
to join the attack. How many molecules of isopentyl
acetate are released in a typical bee sting? How many
atoms of carbon are present?
Sample Problem
Solution:
(a) C: 7 x 12 g/mol = 84 g/mol
H: 14 x 1 g/mol = 14 g/mol
O: 2 x 16 g/mol = 32 g/mol
Total = 130 g/mol

1 x 10 g x 1 mol x
-6 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 4.63 x 1015
130 g 1 mol molecules
Sample Problem
(b) 4.63 x 1015 molecules x 7 C atoms = 3.24 x 1016 C atoms
1 molecule C7H14O2
Percent composition
There are two common ways of describing the composition of a compound: in terms of
the numbers of its constituent atoms and in terms of the percentages (by mass) of
its elements.

For example: Ethanol, C2H6O

C: 2 x 12 g/mol = 24 g/mol
H: 6 x 1 g/mol = 6 g/mol
O: 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
Total = 46 g/mol
Reminder: The total of the
percentages should be equal to
100%
Sample Problem
Carvone is a substance that occurs in two forms having
different arrangements of the atoms but the same molecular
formula (C10H14O) and mass. One type of carvone gives
caraway seeds their characteristic smell, and the other type is
responsible for the smell of spearmint oil. Compute the mass
percent of each element in carvone.
Sample Problem
Solution:
C: 10 x 12 g/mol = 120 g/mol
H: 14 x 1 g/mol = 14 g/mol
O: 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
Total = 150 g/mol
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
•Empirical Formula: formula with the smallest whole number
mole ratio of the elements
•May or may not be the same as the molecular formula
• If the two formulas are different the molecular formula will always be
a simple multiple of the empirical formula
• The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO
• The molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
•Molecular Formula: Two or more substances with distinctly
different properties can have the same percent composition
and the same empirical formula
• The subscripts in an empirical formula indicate the simplest
whole-number ratio of moles of the elements in a compound
•The simplest ratio does not always indicate the actual number
of moles in the compound
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
•A molecular formula specifies the actual number of atoms of
each element in one molecule or formula unit of the substance
•The molar mass must be determined through experimentation
and compared with the mass represented by the empirical
formula
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Molecular Boiling
Empirical formula Compound
formula point, °C
acetylene C2H2 -84
CH (92.2% C; 7.8% H)
benzene C6H6 80
ethylene C2H4 -103
CH2 (85.6% C; 14.4% H) butene C4H8 -6.3
cyclohexane C6H12 80.7
formaldehyde CH2O -21
CH2O (40.0% C; 6.7% H;
acetic acid C2H4O 117
53.3% O)
glyceraldehyde C3H6O3 140
Sample Problems
(a) Propane is hydrocarbon, a compound composed only of carbon and
hydrogen. It is 81.82% carbon and 18.18% hydrogen. What is the
empirical formula?
(b) Analysis of a chemical used in photographic developing fluid indicates
a chemical composition of 65.45% C, 5.45%H, and 29.09% O. The molar
mass is found to be 110.0 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula.
(c) A compound was found to contain 49.98 g carbon and 10.47 g
hydrogen. The molar mass of the compound is 58.12 g/mol. Determine the
molecular formula.
 Sample Problems
Solution:
(a) Assume 100g:
C: = 81.82 g C
Empirical formula:
H: = 18.18 g H C3 H8
Next, get the moles
C: 81.82 g C x = 6.81833 mol C
H: 18.18 g H x = 18.18 mol H
Divide everything to the least number of moles to get the coefficients
C: = 1
H: = 2.666
If the coefficients are not whole numbers, multiply this to an integer, in this case, 3
C: 1x3 = 3
H: 2.666 x 3 = 7.998 8
Sample Problems
Solution:
(b) First get the empirical formula, assume 100g
C: = 65.45 g C
H: = 5.45 g H
O: = 29.09 g O
Next, get the moles
C: 65.45 g C x = 5.454167 mol C
H: 5.45 g H x = 5.45 mol H
O: 29.09 g H x = 1.818125 mol H
Sample Problems
Solution:
(b) Cont.
Divide everything to the least number of moles to get the coefficients
C: = 2.99 3
H: = 2.99 3
O: = 1

Empirical formula: C3H3O

To get the molecular formula, first get the molecular weight of the empirical formula:
C: 3 x 12 g/mol = 36 g/mol
H: 3 x 1 g/mol = 3 g/mol
O: 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
Total = 55 g/mol
Sample Problems
Solution:
(b) Cont.
To get the molecular formula:

Molecular formula = (Empirical Formula)n

n= =2
Molecular Formula = (C3H3O)2 = C6H6O2
Sample Problems
Solution:
(c) First get the empirical formula, since the given are masses  convert to moles
C: 49.98 g C x = 4.165 mol C
H: 10.47 g H x = 10.47 mol H
Divide everything to the least number of moles to get the coefficients
C: = 1
H: = 2.513
If the coefficients are not whole numbers, multiply this to an integer, in this case, 2
C: 1x2 = 2
H: 2.513 x 2 = 5.03 5
Empirical Formula: C2H5
Sample Problems
Solution:
(c) Cont.
To get the molecular formula, first get the molecular weight of the empirical formula:
C: 2 x 12 g/mol = 24 g/mol
H: 5 x 1 g/mol = 5 g/mol
Total = 29 g/mol

Molecular formula = (Empirical Formula)n

n = = 2.004 2
Molecular Formula = (C2H5)2 = C4H10
Balancing Equations
•An unbalanced chemical equation is of limited use.
•The same number of each type of atom must be found among
the reactants and products.
•It is also important to recognize that the identities of the
reactants and products of a reaction are determined by
experimental observation.
Balancing Equations
Steps in balancing the Reaction:
•Determine what reaction is occurring.
•Write the unbalanced equation.
•Balance the question by inspection, starting with the most
complicated molecule(s). Determine what coefficients are
necessary so that the same number of each type of atom
appears on both reactant and product sides.  Trial and
Error
Sample Problems
3 Ca(OH)2 + ____
(a) ____ 2 H3PO4  ____ Ca3(PO4)2 + ____
6 H2 O
Ca = 1 x 3 = 3 Ca = 3
O =2 x3 =6 P =2
H =2 x3 =6 O =8
H =3 x2 =6 H = 2 x 6 = 12
P =1 x2 =2 O =1 x6 =6
O =4 x2 =8 OTotal = 8 + 6 = 14
HTotal = 6 + 6 = 12
OTotal = 8 + 6 = 14
Sample Problems
4 2O
(b) ____ C3H8 + ____5 O2  ____3CO2 + ____ H
C =3 C =1 x3=3
H =8 O =2 x3=6
O = 2 x 5 = 10 H = 2 x 4= 8
O = 1 x 4= 4
OTotal = 4 + 6 = 10
Sample Problems
(c) At 1000OC, ammonia gas, NH3(g), reacts with
oxygen gas to form gaseous nitric oxide, NO(g), and
water vapor. This reaction is the first step in the
commercial production of nitric acid by the Ostwald
process.
Balance the equation for this reaction.
Sample Problems
First determine the reaction:
2 NH3 + ____
____ 5/2 O2  ____
2 NO + ____
3 H2 O

N = 1 x 2= 2 N =1 x2=2
H = 3 x 2= 6 O =1 x2=2
O = 2 x 5/2 = 5 H =2 x3=6
O =1 x3=3
OTotal = 2 + 3 = 5

If there is a fraction on the coefficient, multiply it to the value of the denominator:

4 NH3 + 5 O2  2 NO + 6 H2O
Stoichiometric Calculations
1. Balance the chemical equation.
2. Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to moles of that
substance.
3. Use the balance equation to set up the appropriate mole ratios.
4. Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of the
desired reactant or product.
5. Convert from moles back to grams if required by the problem.
Sample Problems
Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to
remove exhaled carbon dioxide from the living
environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and
liquid water. What mass of gaseous carbon dioxide can
be absorbed by 1.00 kg of lithium hydroxide
Sample Problems
Get the reaction first:
LiOH(s) + CO2(g)  Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
Then balance the reaction:
2LiOH(s) + CO2(g)  Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
The problem calls for the amount, in grams, of CO2 that will react with
1.00 kg of LiOH
 Sample Problems
1.00 kg LiOH 1000 g 1 mol LiOH 1 mol CO2 x
44 g CO2 =
9.2 x 10-2 g CO2
x x x
1 kg 23.94 g LiOH 2 mol LiOH 1 mol CO2

Molecular weight, LiOH:

Li = 1 x 6.94 g/mol = 6.94 g/mol

O = 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
H = 1 x 1 g/mol = 1 g/mol Molecular weight, CO2:
Total = 23.94 g/mol
C = 1 x 12 g/mol = 12 g/mol
From the balanced equation, O = 2 x 16 g/mol = 32 g/mol
there are 2 mol LiOH per 1 mol of Total = 44 g/mol
CO2
Limiting Reactant
•If the reactants are not present in stoichiometric amounts, at end of
reaction some reactants are still present (in excess).
•Limiting Reactant: one reactant that is consumed
Percent Yield
•The amount of product predicted from stoichiometry taking into
account limiting reagents is called the theoretical yield.
•The percent yield relates the actual yield (amount of material
recovered in the laboratory) to the theoretical yield:
Sample Problems
Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia
over solid copper(II) oxide at high temperatures. The other
products of the reaction are solid copper and water vapor. If a
sample containing 18.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g of CuO:
(a) Which is the limiting reactant?; (b) How many grams of N 2
will be formed?; and (c) If the reaction gave 6.63 g of nitrogen
experimentally, what is the percent yield?
Sample Problems
Get the reaction first:
NH3(g) + CuO(s)  N2(g) + Cu(s) + H2O(g)
Then balance the reaction:
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s)  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)
 Sample Problems
(a) To determine the limiting reactant, compute the moles of N2 that would be formed by
complete consumption of NH3 and CuO:

18.1 g NH3 x 1 mol NH3 1 mol N2 =

0.53 mol N2
x
17 g NH3 2 mol NH3

Molecular weight, NH3:

N = 1 x 14 g/mol = 14 g/mol
H = 3 x 1 g/mol = 3 g/mol
Total = 17 g/mol From the balanced equation,
there are 2 mol NH3 per 1 mol of
N2
 Sample Problems
90.4 g CuO x 1 mol CuO 1 mol N2 0.38 mol N2
x =
79.55 g CuO 3 mol CuO

Molecular weight, CuO:

Cu = 1 x 63.55 g/mol = 63.55 g/mol

O = 1 x 16 g/mol = 16 g/mol
Total = 79.55 g/mol From the balanced equation,
there are 3 mol CuO per 1 mol of
N2

Since the amount of mol N2 from CuO is less than the amount from NH3 then CuO is the limiting
reactant. (0.38 mol N2 from CuO < 0.53 mol N2 from NH3)
Sample Problems
(b) Since we have established that CuO is the limiting reactant, the amount of N 2 will now
depend on the amount of CuO. From (a):

0.38 mol N2 28 g N2 =
10.64 g N2
x
1 mol N2

Molecular weight, N2:

2 x 14 g/mol = 28 g/mol

10.64 g N2  Amount of the theoretical mass of N2 obtained via calculations

Sample Problems
(c) From (b) we found out that the theoretical yield of N2 is 10.64 g. To calculate
the percent yield if the actual experimental amount is 6.63 g:

6.63 𝑔
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑= 𝑥 100
10.64 𝑔
¿ 𝟔𝟐 . 𝟑 %