INTEGRATION

PART 1
STANDARD FORMULAE AND RULES

DIFFERENTIATION INTEGRATION

𝑥+ 𝑐

2
3 𝑥 +𝑐

GENERAL FORMULA
STANDARD FORMULAE AND RULES
 STANDARD FORMULAE AND RULES

The point is that if we recognise that the function we are trying to integrate is the derivative of another
function, we can simply reverse the process.
So if the function we are trying to integrate is a quotient, and if the numerator is the derivative of the
denominator, then the integral will involve a logarithm:
If so that
and, reversing the process,

Note that ln (f(x) is defined provided that f(x) > 0

Now, consider a logarithmic function ln [-f(x)], where f(x) < 0. Differentiate with respect to gives

The result will be used to integrate

a fraction which can be expressed
Conversely, in the form k, where k is a
constant.

Thus, = or
ln ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ) +𝑐

ln ( − 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ) + 𝑐
For example, , where and are cosntant.
EXAMPLE 1
 EXAMPLE 2

1.
PRACTICE