PHILIPPINE

POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
Chapter 1 and 2
LETS PLAY!

ARRANGE ME!
1. OLPINSITCAI
POLITICIANS
2. WAL
LAW
3. IELOGDYA
IDEOLOGY
4.TENMOGREV
GOVERNMENT
5. ROWPER
POWER
6. OLITPLCA ECNEICS
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. POLITICIAN
2. LAW
3. IDEOLOGY
4. GOVERNMENT
5. POWER
6. POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Chapter 1:
The Concept of
Politics and
Governance
Lesson: Politics, Government and Governance
 POLITICS, POLITICAL
SCIENCE, GOVERNMENT AND
GOVERNANCE
 POLITICS

● in broadest sense, politics is the activity through which people

make, preserve and amend the general rule under which they
live. (Heywood 2007)
● set of activities that organizes individuals, systematically
resolves disputes, and maintains order in society through
creation and enforcement of rules and government policy.
(Barrington et al. 2010)
 Why do we
need to study
politics?
 POLITICAL SCIENCE

It deals with the systematic study of political

structures, political processes and political behavior. A
number of approaches and methods have been
suggested and used by thinkers and scholars
of political science for the scientific investigation of
political phenomena and
for the arrival at systematic generalizations and
theories.
 What is the
difference
between Politics
and Political
Science?
What will happen
to Philippines
without Politics?
 GOVERNMENT

According to Mendoza (1999), government is the term

generally used in referring the formal institutions
through which a group of people is ruled or governed
and the term extends to include the people and
organizations that make, enforce, and apply political
decisions for a society.
 GOVERNANCE

Governance according to Tamayo (2014) is commonly defined as

the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for
attainment of the well-being of their country’s citizens or
inhabitants. He added that it is a complex process in which some
sectors of society exercise power and create public policies that
directly affect the members of society.
 GOVERNANCE

● Good governance is understood through its eight

indicators or characteristics: (1) Participation; (2)
Rule of Law; (3) Effective and Efficient; (4)
Transparent; (5) Responsive; (6) Equitable and
Inclusive; (7) Consensus Oriented; and (8)
Accountability.
 LETS PLAY!

MIX AND MATCH

 Mix and Match

I will provide phrases based from the

definitions of the following (elements of
good governance) and the students will try
to post where these definitions belong.
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

1. PARTICIPATION 3. EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY

Good governance essentially requires
participation of different sectors of the society. Effectiveness (meeting the needs) and efficiency
Participation means active involvement of all (proper utilization of resources) must necessarily
affected and interested parties in the decision- go together to ensure the best possible results for
making process. the community.

2. RULE OF LAW 4. TRANSPARENCY

As an indicator of good governance, transparency
Democracy is essentially the rule of law. It is through
means that people are open to information
the law that people express their will and exercise their
regarding decision-making process and the
sovereignty. That the government is of law and not of
implementation of the same. It also means that
men is an underlying democratic principle which puts
transactions involving public interests must be
no one, however rich and powerful, above the law.
fully disclosed and made accessible to the people.
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
5. RESPONSIVENESS
Means that institutions and processes serve all
stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. It
also means that actors and structures of
governance easily give genuine expression to the
will or desire of the people.
6. EQUITY AND INCLUSIVENESS
Equity and inclusiveness means that all the members
of the society, especially the most vulnerable ones or
the grassroots level, must be taken into consideration
in policy-making. Everyone has a stake in the society
and no one should feel alienated from it.
7. CONSENSUS ORIENTED
Governance is consensus-oriented when decisions
are made after taking into consideration the
different viewpoints of the actors of the society.
8. ACCOUNTABILITY
It is based on the principle that every person or
group is responsible for their actions most
especially when their acts affect public interest. The
actors have an obligation to explain and be
answerable for the consequences of decisions and
actions they have made on behalf of the community
it serves.
 What is the
difference between
Government and
Governance?
 Chapter 1:
The concept of
Politics and
Governance
Lesson: Forms of Government
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
 Monarchy

● A monarchy is a government where a single person (the

monarch) rules the government.

● The title of the monarch is hereditary, this means one inherits

the position. In some societies, the monarch was appointed by
a divine power. The title is passed on through accession when
the existing monarch dies or abdicates
 FORMS OF MONARCHY
1. Absolute Monarchy
• It is a form of government where one
person, typically king or queen holds
absolute power.
• The monarch is the highest and the most
powerful authority in the country.
• The monarch has unlimited power and
authority.
Example: Sultanate of Oman, The State of
Qatar, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3. Constitutional Monarchy
• It is a form of government in which a
country is ruled by a monarch whose
power is limited by the constitution.
• The monarch is purely a ceremonial
ruler or a de facto head of state.
• The monarch shares the power with
parliament and other another legislative
body.
• Example: United Kingdom, Japan,
Canada, Sweden, Belgium, Cambodia,
Netherlands and Thailand
 Oligarchy

● An oligarchy is a government where a small, elite groups rules

all over society.

● In an oligarchy, the members of the ruling elite do not

necessarily receive their titles by birth, like in a monarchy. The
members are people in significant positions of power in
business, in the military or in politics.
 Dictatorship

● A dictatorship is a government in which a single person or

small group holds all the power, and has absolute authority
over politics and the population.

● Dictators take and keep absolute power and authority through

economic and military means, and they often use even
brutality and threat.
 Totalitarian

● A totalitarian government is an extremely oppressive

dictatorial system. It aims to keep the lives of their citizens
completely under control.

● This form of government restricts occupation, religious belief

and the number of children a family can have, among other
things. Citizens of a totalitarian dictatorship are publicly
required to demonstrate their support for the government
through attending marches and public celebrations.
 Democracy

● The term democracy comes from the Greek words ‘demos’

and ‘kratos’, which mean ‘common people’ and ‘power’.
Thus, democracy literally means ‘power to the people’.

● It is a government in which all citizens have the equal right to

have their voices heard and determine state policy through
elected representatives. Laws passed by the state (ideally)
reflect the will of the majority of the population.
 Chapter 1:
The concept of
Politics and
Governance
Lesson: Political Ideologies
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
 What comes to
your head when
you heard the word
ideology?
 Political Ideologies

It is a set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a

recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as
unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy
making in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the
social and political arrangements and processes of a political
community.
 LETS PLAY!

MATCH ME!
1. It pertains to set of political beliefs
emphasizing individual rights and liberties.
A. Liberalism
B. Anarchism
2. It refers to set of political beliefs based on
preservation of customs and traditions that
define the character of a society.
A. Conservatism
B. Socialism
3. A system of government led by a dictator
who typically rules by forcefully and often
violently suppressing opposition and criticism.
A. Anarchism
B. Fascism
4. It is derived from a Greek word meaning
"having no ruler," is a belief system that rejects
governmental authority in favor of self-
governing or community consensus that has
become a synonym for chaos and the
breakdown of civil order.

A. Anarchism
B. Absolutism
5. A system in which every person in the
community has an equal share of the various
elements of production, distribution, and
exchange of resources.

A. Socialism
B. Liberalism
6. It also known as "Divine Right Theory", is a
political ideology promoting a system of
government in which the ruler or rulers have
unlimited power and are subject to no
constitutional safeguards or checks.
A. Absolutism
B. Nationalism
Choose 1 Political
Ideologies and
identify their
advantages and
disadvantages.
If you were given a chance to be
part of the government, what
kind of political
ideologies would you prefer?
Tell us about it briefly.
 Chapter 1:
The concept of
Politics and
Governance
Lesson: Power
POWER, DIMENSIONS, TYPES
AND CONSEQUENCES OF
POWER
PROMINENT LEADERS
 Power

Power in its broadest sense, as stated by

Heywood (2007) is the ability to achieve a
desired outcome and is sometimes seen as the
‘power to’ do something.
DIMENSIONS OF POWER
 DIMENSIONS OF POWER

POWER AS DECISION MAKING

This face of power consist of conscious actions
that in some way influence the content of
decisions. Identifying who has power is done by
analyzing decisions in the light of the knows POWER AS AGENDA SETTING
preference of the actors involved.
It involves the ability to set or control
the political agenda, thereby
POWER AS THOUGHT CONTROL Preventing Issues or proposals for
Being aired in the first place.
is the ability to influence another by shaping what he
or she thinks, wants, or needs. This is power expressed
as ideological indoctrination or psychological control.
TYPES OF POWER
 LETS PLAY!

FACT OR BLUFF
1. COERCIVE POWER is the belief
that a person can punish others for a non-
compliance.

FACT
2. REFERENT POWER is the result of
a person's perceived attractiveness,
worthiness and right to others' respect.

FACT
3. REWARD POWER this results from
one person's ability to compensate
another for compliance.

FACT
 LEGITIMATE POWER
4. EXPERT POWER this comes from
the belief that a person has the formal
right to make demands, and to expect
others to be compliant and obedient.

BLUFF
 EXPERT POWER
5. CHARISMATIC POWER is based
on a person's high levels of skill and
knowledge.

BLUFF
CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
 CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
COMPLIANCE
means readiness or act of
agreeing to do something.
RESISTANCE
means to refuse or to oppose. It is the
most likely outcome when coercive
power is used in a hostile or
manipulative way.
COMMITMENT
It is an even more desirable outcome
because of the trust and emotional pledge
that it causes. It is perceived as loyalty or a
sense of dedication or devotion.
Commitment is most likely to be the
consequence when the powers used
are referent and expert.