Argumenta T

tive essay
A
40
S
MINUTE
S K
Minimum
2
250
words
FAMILY EDUCATION
SOCIETY HEALTH AND
AND NUTRITION
CULTURE
TRANSPORT
EMPLOYMENT
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCES
SPORTS
MUSIC
T
Y
P
E
S

O
F

Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S
PRESENTING
PRESENTING AND
AND JUSTIFYING
JUSTIFYING OPINION
OPINION
3. Some people say that universities should be concerned with
educating people so that they will have wide general knowledge
and be able to consider important matters from an informed
viewpoint. Other people say that universities should simply train
students to do the jobs required by society and not concern
themselves with broader issues. Discuss.
 Discussing
Discussing Aspects
Aspects of
of Problems
Problems

Discussing
Discussing Advantages
Advantages and
and Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Answering
Answering Direct
Direct Question
Question
 Governments often spend large sums of money on spectacular
displays to celebrate national events of significance.
This money could be better spent on improving social conditions in the
country.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Some
Some people
people believe
believe that
that professional
professional sportspeople
sportspeople are
are paid
paid
too
too much
much money
money nowadays
nowadays inin relation
relation to
to their
their usefulness
usefulness to
to society.
society.
Do
Do you
you agree?
agree? Q
Q
U
U
Some people say that universities should be concerned with educating E
E
S
S
people so that they will have wide general knowledge and be able
T
T
to consider important matters from an informed viewpoint. II
Other people say that universities should simply train students to do O
O
the jobs required by society and not concern themselves with broader N
N
issues.
Discuss.
 PLAN YOUR
ANSWER
We live today in an electronic information age. It is easier to be
connected by technology yet many people seem no closer to
feeling happy in their lives. Discuss.

Analyze the task

What type of essay two sides of an argument

What are the keywords …

… related to the topic? electronic information age,
happy lives
… related to the task? discuss
Which terms need explaining? happy/connected
 Generate Ideas

What are the advantages -- email / internet / chatrooms

of the electronic age? (easy quick cheap
-- contact with family, friends
-- technology can overcome
isolation eg. Finland

Are we happier? Isolated at computer

Evidence of lack of Rates of depression / suicide /

happiness divorce / stress
 Think it through

Introduction what is happiness? How is it

related to being connected?

Paragraph topics 1. advantages of technology

(on the one hand)
2. disadvantages
(on the other hand)

Conclusion summarise / indicate your opinion

Essay Introductions - Possible
Approaches

Golden Rules
There is no one way to writing IELTS essay introductions, but
no matter your approach you should bear these guidelines in
mind:

•do not use a single sentence introduction

•do not repeat the question word for word - rephrase it
•identify the question to be answered
 THE
APPRO
General statements
Your opening sentence will ordinarily be a general statement on the issue
identified in the question. Look at these ALTERNATIVE EXPRESSIONS:

•There has always been considerable discussion about …

•One very complex issue in today’s world is …
•One problematic issue in the modern world is …
•Undoubtedly, one of the most significant innovations in recent
years has been …
•One issue that creates intense debate nowadays in many countries
is …
•It is unarguable that …
 P A R A P HR A S I NG
CHANGE WORD FORMS
Examples
Examples ::
When
When we
we look
look at a comparison
at a comparison between
between A A and
and BB…
…
When we compare
When we compare AA and
and BB……
The noun comparison
The noun comparison is
is replaced
replaced with
with the verb compare
the verb compare..

There
There are a variety
are a variety of
of solutions
solutions to
to problem
problem C.C.
There are various
There are various solutions
solutions to
to problem
problem C.
C.
The noun variety
The noun variety is
is replaced
replaced by
by the adjective various.
the adjective various.
REPLACE WORDS OR PHRASES WITH SYNONYMS
Examples
Examples ::
X
X is not allowed
is not allowed
X
X is not permitted
is not permitted
Permitted
Permitted isis a
a synonym for allowed
synonym for allowed

Project
Project Y
Y was almost completed
was almost completed
Project
Project Y
Y was nearly finished
was nearly finished
The
The phrases nearly finished
phrases nearly finished is
is synonymous
synonymous with almost completed
with almost completed..
CHANGE THE GRAMMAR

Examples
Examples ::
Trained
Trained scientists
scientists performed
performed this
this research.
research.
This
This research
research was
was performed
performed by
by trained
trained scientists.
scientists.
The
The active
active verb
verb “performed”
“performed” is
is replaced
replaced by
by by
by the
the PASSIVE
PASSIVE VERB
VERB
“was
“was performed
performed by”.
by”.

It’s
It’s easy
easy to
to use
use A
A
Using
Using AA is
is easy
easy
The
The gerund
gerund “using”
“using” is
is substituted
substituted for
for the
the INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE “to
“to use”
use”

This
This A,
A, which
which is
is one
one of
of the
the most
most powerful
powerful ZsZs in
in the
the world,
world, has
has …
…
This
This A,
A, one
one of
of the
the most
most powerful
powerful Zs
Zs in
in the
the world,
world, has
has …
…
An
An APPOSITIVE
APPOSITIVE (noun
(noun phrase)
phrase) is
is used
used in
in place
place of
of a
a RELATIVE
RELATIVE CLAUSE.
CLAUSE.

Study
Study Y,
Y, which
which was
was conducted
conducted by
by sociologists
sociologists inin 2004,
2004, shows
shows that
that …
…
Study
Study y,
y, conducted
conducted byby sociologists
sociologists in
in 2004,
2004, shows
shows that
that ……
A
A past
past participle
participle is
is used
used to
to reduce
reduce (shorten)
(shorten) a a relative
relative clause.
clause.
 REVERSE NEGATIVES

Examples
Examples ::
A
A is
is not
not as
as easy
easy as
as …
…
A
A is
is harder
harder than
than …
…
A
A comparative
comparative phrase
phrase in
in used
used in
in place
place of
of a
a not
not +
+ as
as …
… as
as …
… phrase.
phrase.

It’s
It’s not
not uncommon
uncommon toto see
see Z
Z……
It’s
It’s common
common to
to see
see Z
Z……
A
A double-negative
double-negative phrase
phrase is
is replaced
replaced by
by a
a word
word with
with a
a positive
positive meaning.
meaning.

The
The least
least expensive
expensive B
B……
The
The cheapest
cheapest B
B……
The
The negative
negative superlative
superlative phrase
phrase is
is replaced
replaced by
by a
a superlative
superlative word
word with
with
the
the same
same meaning.
meaning.
 CHANGE THE WORD ORDER

Examples
Examples ::
For
For many
many years,
years, people
people have
have believed
believed A.
A.
People
People have
have believed
believed AA for
for many
many years.
years.
The
The prepositional
prepositional phrase
phrase is
is moved
moved from
from the
the beginning
beginning of
of the
the sentence
sentence to
to the
the
end
end of
of it.
it.

After
After this
this problem
problem has
has been
been solved,
solved, work
work on
on X
X can
can continue.
continue.
Work
Work onon XX can
can continue
continue after
after this
this problem
problem has
has been
been solved.
solved.
The
The adverb
adverb clause
clause is
is moved
moved to
to the
the end
end of
of the
the sentence.
sentence.

CHANGE SENTENCE CONNECTORS

Although
Although there
there isis a
a lot
lot of
of evidence
evidence to
to support
support theory
theory Y,
Y, not
not all
all scientists
scientists believe
believe it.
it.
There
There is
is a
a lot
lot of
of evidence
evidence toto support
support theory
theory Y;
Y; however,
however, not
not all
all scientists
scientists believe
believe it.
it.
The
The transition
transition word
word is is used
used in
in place
place of
of the
the adverb-clause
adverb-clause marker.
marker.

There
There are
are some
some dangers
dangers involved
involved in
in B;
B; therefore,
therefore, researchers
researchers must
must be
be very
very
cautious.
cautious.
Because
Because there
there are
are some
some dangers
dangers involved
involved inin B,
B, researchers
researchers must
must be
be very
very cautious.
cautious.
The
The adverb
adverb clause
clause marker
marker is
is used
used in
in place
place of
of the
the transition
transition word.
word.
how/why

Who/what/
when/where
 In the fast-pace environment, one prefers to
have efficient meals rather than the
complicated ones. To fulfill this demand, a large
number of manufacturers keep attempting to
produce instant food using their improved
technology like mechanized farming. M
M
Unfortunately, most processed foods are laden
A
A
II
with sweeteners, salts, artificial flavors, factory- N
N
created fats, colorings, chemicals that alter II
texture, and preservatives. Take indomie, one D
D
EE
of instant noodle brands in Indonesia. This A
A
brand has been widely known as the best and
cheapest one in this nation. However, recent
research conducted by several healthy
STRONG
STRONG
EVIDENCE
EVIDENCE

institutions in Indonesia have proven the

possibilities of certain poisons which the
ingredients of indomie have.
 In developed countries, due to the technology M
M
modifications, the multipurpose of functions of A
A
II
certain beverages that are not suitable for a human N
N
body might not be able to be identified in the short II
time. The effect, therefore, cannot be seen in only D
D
several years. One would keep consuming something EE
A
when they think their body system is normal at that
A

moment. A result at the end would be devastating

and severe. A good example of this is Coca cola from
the United States. Though the healthy and safety
regulations in the United States can be considered as
one of the strict ones, it was merely discovered that
Coca cola has many functions that work well not only
STRONG
STRONG
EVIDENCE with a human body but also with other things such as
metal. This drink was found to be able to reduce the
EVIDENCE

corrosion of metal after used frequently. The impact

for human body, which is softer than metal, would
certainly be dangerous.
 M
M
A
A
II
N
N

II
D
D
EE
STRONG
STRONG A
A
EVIDENCE
EVIDENCE

Words
Words related
related
to
to the topic
the topic
 COHERENT
COHERENT
DEVICE
DEVICE

M
M
A
A
II
N
N

II
D
D
EE
A
A

COHESIVE
COHESIVE
DEVICE
DEVICE
Additional examples you might follow to give coherence to your
writing by expanding on one point.

There are those who argue that the internet has had an
extremely positive influence on communication. They say this
because in the past it was sometimes impossible to call people in
other countries on the telephone, but now it is relatively simple to
use a program such as Skype to talk to them for free or to send an
email. A good example is the students who go to study abroad
and are able to send messages home with no difficulty, when in
the past they would have to buy stamps and went to the post
office which was much harder and more expensive.
 Compare these paragraph
examples !
Secondly, computers play a vital role in education. All
academic books are generated electronically. Students
are learning their subjects only through computers.
Computers are also useful for them to present their
projects to their peers and professors. Students’
progress can be tracked through computers.

It is also possible to claim that information technology is playing

an increasingly vital role in education. One way this happens is
that more and more academic books are generated electronically
and in consequence many students are using computers to study.
An additional point is that computer technology is frequently used
by students to make presentations both to their peers and
professors. Indeed, it is probably true to say that most courses at
university require some level of computer literacy.
 n ss In
e
prres
s s
s i
io
o n In conclusion,
conclusion, All
All things
things considered,
considered,
ex
e xp
To
To conclude
conclude them
them all,
all, In
In summary,
summary,

Overall,
Overall, To
To summarize,
summarize, Thus,
Thus,
 Example of Concluding Paragraph

All things considered, machined

processed food that has been artificially
grown with fertilizers has less quality
than the organic ones and tends to be
S
harmful to human body system. In my S
U
U
G
personal opinion, it is better to consume G
G
G
organic foods with no fertilizers and EE
S
S
machined process in order to produce. TT
II
O
O
N
N
 Your
Your
view
view

Your
Your
view
view
 Scientists and news media are presenting ever more evidence of climate
change. Government cannot be expected to solve this problem. It is the
responsibility of individuals to change their lifestyles to prevent further
damage. What are your views?
Recently, scientists are worried about climate change and
have urged governments to introduce measures to reduce
the greenhouse gas emissions that are seen as its main
cause. Simultaneously, politicians and environmentalists
have encouraged individuals to make changes to their
lifestyles. I shall argue that governments should take the
Firstly, industry
initial action accounts
as they for athat
are the ones large
haveproportion of the
the authority.
greenhouse gas emissions, and this can only be controlled
by government action. Measures could be taken to
discourage pollution, such as limiting or taxing the use of
fossil fuels. Alternatively, subsidies could be offered to
industries to clean up their production processes. If these
ideas are adopted, I believe that businesses would regard
Secondly, only discussion between governments can
ensure that solutions are successful. The Kyoto
agreement, for example, tried to reach global agreement
on how to address the problem. Without such co-
operation, it seems to me that efforts to reduce fuel
However, some
consumption might tobelieve
are unlikely that national and
be effective.
international policies will only succeed if individuals
also change their lifestyles. For instance, people could
think more carefully about how they use energy in their
homes. By using less electricity, installing energy-
efficient light bulbs and electrical appliances, or
investing in solar panels, they can make a real
difference.
In conclusion, I would maintain that only a combination
of international agreements and national policies will
create the difference. Individuals will only follow what
have been regulated.
 Introductio
n
>>
paraphrasin
g
fact/creatin 1 Bo
(ac t a dy 1
s
cor rgu
g Ma
in
din me
pe g to nt
ide opl s
a + e) ome
General ide supp

statement
as ort
ing Conclusion
>> Thesis
>> Body 2
statement
paraphrasin
2nd arg
(accord ument
ing to
s
others ome
>> Giving
g opinion Main id
ea + s u
)
pportin own’s view
ideas g
as well as
suggestion if
 Some people argue that the only way to reduce the amount of traffic in
cities today is by reducing the need for people to travel from home for work,
education or shopping. Others believe there are other methods in which a
country should have. Discuss both points of view and give your own opinion.

There is a claim that pressing down the need for people to commute for
work, education, and shopping is the only way to decrease the amount
of traffic in cities nowadays. However, others say that although it is
true that traffic can be reduced by using that method, there are also
other methods of reducing the amount of traffic which are more
effective.
To begin with, one of the factors that cause much traffic is the uneven
number of mass public transportation and the quality of the public
transportation itself for the number of people in the city. Therefore,
focusing to improve mass public transportation to be more suitable and
comfortable for society will decrease the need of people to use private
vehicles which they see as the most convenient way to reach
destinations. Take Singapore for example, it is very fast, easy,
comfortable, not to mention cheap for people to commute around town.
Its MRT system from trains, buses and cabs are strictly organized
which resulted in less number of traffic.
Nevertheless, there is an opposing view which believes that in
these modern days, all things could possibly be done at home
since the advancement of technology creates easy and
comfortable way in doing things. Huge number of online
shops could satisfy shopaholic by sending the desired items
without visiting the stores or sellers. The most popular one is
Berniaga.com providing almost all goods with high quality
and, mostly, branded items.

In summary, developing the quality of mass transportation,

in my opinion, is one of the effective methods that might be
better implemented to lessen the amount of traffic jam
happening in big cities these days. People’s awareness, in
addition, should also be increased in order to make the rules
run.
 In some societies, stress is now regarded as a major problem, and it is thought that
people suffer from more stress than they did in the past. However, others feel that the
amount of stress people have today is exaggerated. They say that previous generations
were under more pressure, but the idea of suffering from stress did not exist.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Stress, these days, has become an issue that attracts two different points of
view. Some argue that stress is the main concern for modern society while
others who look from elders’ perspective say that it appeared more in the
past but the idea was not clearly defined.

From the point of view of modern society, stress has come along with
the technology advancement. More innovations created means there
are several procedures that need to be implemented or learned so
that they can be good legacies to be passed to the next generations.
The story of Bill Gates points out the main idea. During the recession time,
an auditor company in the United States had manipulated recorded data in
computer through several ways before it was publicly presented to the
audit report. Bill Gates who was appointed as the managing director of the
company at that time gave many efforts in tackling this issue. He was
stressed enough to re-arrange the corrupted system until the company
could be finally clear of charge.
Differs from modern society’s view, elders see stress as a
problem that was often experienced by people in the past,
yet the idea of it did not exist. Older societies had to think
about how to use their time efficiently while completing
their tasks. A good example of this is Thomas Alfa Edison. In the
past, people could merely work during the day as light bulb had
not been invented. To cope with this light problem, Thomas Alva
Edison gave more than thousands efforts which eventually led
him to a successful innovation which was light bulb. During
thousand attempts of finding this innovation, he should think
harder which was considered to be very stressful.

In my opinion, stress can be a major concern for modern society if

they do not have the spirit of learning like people in the past had. It
depends on the individual his/herself on how to face the problems
that might lead to stress.
 We live today in an electronic information age. It is easier to be connected by
technology yet many people seem no closer to feeling happy in their lives. Discuss.

The
The electronic
electronic information
information age age that
that we
we live
live in
in today,
today, certainly
certainly makes
makes communicating
communicating veryvery quick
quick
and
and easy.
easy. It
It is
is simple
simple for
for many
many people
people to
to contact
contact dozens
dozens of
of others
others via
via computer
computer or
or phone,
phone, yet
yet it
it is
is
believed to not make them happier. Happiness is difficult to define, but in addition to
believed to not make them happier. Happiness is difficult to define, but in addition to basic needs basic needs
like
like food,
food, shelter
shelter or
or peace,
peace, itit depends
depends on
on such
such things
things as
as good
good health,
health, aa loving
loving family
family and
and friends,
friends, and
and
a
a satisfying
satisfying occupation
occupation – – either
either job,
job, study
study or
or pastime.
pastime. Whether
Whether modern
modern communication
communication has has
increased
increased people’s
people’s feeling
feeling ss of
of happiness
happiness is,
is, however,
however, debatable.
debatable.

There
There are
are many
many advantages
advantages toto being
being connected
connected electronically.
electronically. For
For the
the price
price of
of a
a local
local phone
phone call
call
email
email with
with family
family oror friends
friends around
around the
the world
world can
can be
be used
used to
to stay
stay in
in touch.
touch. In
In this
this way,
way, isolation
isolation by
by
distance
distance or
or climate
climate can
can be
be overcome.
overcome. ForFor example,
example, Finland
Finland with
with its
its long
long winter
winter has
has one
one of
of the
the
highest
highest rates
rates of
of internet
internet use.
use. Information
Information that
that would
would only
only be
be available
available to
to a
a small
small number
number of of people
people
without
without the
the use
use of
of computers
computers is is now
now at
at our
our fingertips.
fingertips. Similarly
Similarly thousands
thousands of of people
people use
use chatrooms
chatrooms
and internet dating sites everyday.
and internet dating sites everyday.

On
On the
the other
other hand
hand it
it seems
seems to
to be
be the
the case
case that
that depression
depression and
and suicide
suicide rates
rates are
are high
high and
and the
the divorce
divorce
rate
rate is
is increasing.
increasing. Employees
Employees complain
complain of
of longer
longer working
working hours
hours and
and increased
increased stress
stress levels.
levels. There
There is
is
concern
concern that
that people
people are
are in
in fact
fact becoming
becoming more
more isolated,
isolated, only
only communicating
communicating on-line.
on-line. On
On this
this
evidence they seems unhappier today.
evidence they seems unhappier today.

Happiness
Happiness is is hard
hard to
to measure
measure as
as it
it is
is subjective
subjective and
and depends
depends onon the
the particular
particular situation.
situation. Perhaps
Perhaps
there
there is
is more
more awareness
awareness of of current
current problems
problems because
because so
so much
much inforation
inforation isis available
available through
through
technology
technology and
and the
the media.
media. Even
Even so,
so, it
it would
would seem
seem that
that the
the quality
quality of
of our
our relationships
relationships and
and therefore
therefore
our level of hapiness is unrelated to modern technology, which is, after all, only a
our level of hapiness is unrelated to modern technology, which is, after all, only a tool. tool.
 Conclusion:

-restating
the causes/
problems &
solution(s) in
simpler
sentences
-giving
suggestions (if
any)
The internet has transformed the way information is shared and
consumed, but it has also created problems that did not exist
before.
What are the most serious problems associated with the internet
and what solutions can you suggest?
There is no doubt that the internet has revolutionised
communication and information-sharing in the same way that the
telegraph and the television did before it. However, societies have
had to cope with unanticipated new problems, including crimes
which traditional laws are powerless to prevent. This essay will
address some of the illegal acts enabled by the internet and propose
To begin with, the global scale of the internet means that national
solutions.
laws are no longer adequate to control what happens online. Take
restrictions on legal reporting, for example. In some countries, the
media is prohibited from revealing details of a defendant’s past in
case this prejudices a fair trial. However, such restrictions are no
longer enforceable now that information may be freely published in
other countries and accessed by all. The only solution here, it
seems, is to adopt global standards. Since the internet traverses
Another problem concerns anonymity, as internet users
can easily conceal their identity and even impersonate
others. Many crimes such as identity theft and child abuse
result from the ease with which criminals can operate
anonymously online. Some have proposed a system of
online identification, similar to a passport, which would
allow all internet users to be verified and traced. I believe
this idea should be explored further, though there are
clearly concerns about the security of those who use the
In conclusion, the only long-term solution to the problem
internet to protest against oppressive regimes.
of internet crime is greater international cooperation.
Since the problem is global is scale, the solution must
also be global. A new agency of the United Nations
should be created to tackle the problems described here.
SOLUTION(S) --------> BODY
PARAGRAPH 3
/ CONCLUSION
 Nowadays many people eat very badly in spite of the information
which is available about ways to have a health, balanced diet. What
could be the possible causes of this?
Suggest some solutions which may improve the eating habits of the
In young.
the modern world, a wider variety of food choices are available to
members of society than ever before. It is possible to have an
extremely healthy diet or to consumer junk food on a daily basis. There
are several undoubted reasons why many choose the latter option and
certain specific ways that such problems could be addressed.
Primarily, eating badly can be due to a number of factors. To begin
with, our society is busier than ever before. Individuals are pressed to
do things quicker and quicker and one result of this may be that the
majority do not have time to prepare food or wait around for healthy
food to be prepared. In other words, they feel forced to eat on the go.
The easiest food to eat under these circumstances is fast food, which is
Furthermore, fast food restaurants put more financial investment into
usually unhealthy.
marketing and advertising than any other section of the food industry.
As a result, we are constantly bombarded with messages telling us to
eat fatty and sugary food. This has a huge influence on our choice of
food, especially the young.
Potential ways to tackle this problem may include the
following. Initially, the government should enforce rules
which warn the general public about unhealthy food.
They could instruct companies to put warning signs on
their products and produce other, more healthy food in
the same restaurants. In addition to this, they could
prevent businesses from advertising which is focused on
children and inhibit them from selling toys and having
playthings
All areas. considered, eating badly is a serious problem
for young and old alike. It seems evident that the
government ought to take a firm stand on this issue and
remind individuals constantly to take healthy eating
seriously.
 Body 1 Body 2 Body 3 Body 4

1 st advantage 2nd advantage 1st disadvantage 2nd disadvantage

Body 1 Body 2
1st advantage & 1st disadvantage &
2nd advantage 2nd disadvantage
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between
finishing high school and starting university studies.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.

Firstly, travelling to cultures and people other than their own,

W or taking up a job can give young people a broader outlook
E about life, which is not possible through university education
A
K
alone. Engaging in practical work will help young people to
have a direct experience of the harsh realities of life, rather
E than just bookish knowledge. For example, an employment can
V give them prior knowledge about the professional skills that
I
they needs to acquire in their university education. Being
D
E exposed to the moral and cultural practices of people in other
N regions can teach them qualities of life that they may not learn
C at home and such knowledge can make them more
E tolerant. Above all, it can give them greater confidence and
self-reliance.
 BODY 2
Nonetheless, it can break the continuity of education, which
can end up in increasing number of school drop outs. For W
E
example, if a young man finds a job with a decent salary, A
he or she would sometimes continue in his or her job K

even after the end of the gap year. Although it gives him E
V
or her a temporary financial fulfilment, denies him or I
D
her the opportunity for further education and a much E
better job. Being away from a formal educational N
C
environment for such a long time can affect students’ E

discipline, study habits, which can lead to poor academic

performance in the university.
 Internationaltravel
International travelisisbecoming
becomingcheaper
cheaperthan
thanbefore,
before,so
somore
moreand
andmore
morecountries
countriesopen
opentheir
their
doorstototourists.
doors tourists.Do
Dothe
theadvantages
advantagesofofthe
theincreased
increasedtourism
tourismoutweigh
outweighthe
thedisadvantages?
disadvantages?

The world is currently undergoing globalization which means

international relations such as trade and tourism are flourishing and
is in a constant demand for an efficient mode of transport. Most
people will agree that plane flights are in the moment the fastest,
relatively safe and efficient way of travelling for both tradesmen and
tourists,
The main which is why there
advantage has been
of such a steady
flights is thatincrease in thevirtually
they have number
of flights worldwide.
surpassed the limit of human exploration. The human being is the
curious race who is constantly itching to explore and find out more
about the world they live in, and plane flights have allowed them to
do that. According to the World Aviator Association, more than 60
per cent of the
In addition previously
to this, unknown
flight also allowsworld
worldcan be reached
trade since
to develop the
easily
discovery
and more ofefficiently.
flight. It eases traders form different parts of the
world to meet up in a matter of a few days journey, a thing that
cannot be achieved without the presence of aircrafts. A study done
by the WAA has proven that most businessmen prefer their goods to
Despite all the advantages, flights also have their series of
drawbacks. A major one is air pollution. Although they only
contribute to the small amount of green house gases, its effect is
much severe as the greenhouse gases are released by the aircrafts
high in the stratosphere, which is nearer to the ozone layer that it
will eventually damage, according to the scientists working at
greenpeace.
Adding to the air pollution problem, an increased number of
flights also leads to an increase in the number of aircrafts, which
have a fairly short age on which they are allowed to be used. This
creates one major problem as the scientists of greenpeace said
that aircrafts are particularly difficult to recycle due to its high
To
and summarize,
the high costthe increased
required numbertheofrecycling
to operate flights have its This
process. own
advantages
will lead to and disadvantages.
a pile It depends
of massive plane on which
carcasses what purpose that
are virtually
human
good forbeings have when they use those flights.
nothing.
Idea Focus

Passive smoking, the breathing of side stream smoke from the

burning of tobacco between puffs or the smoke exhaled by a smoker,
also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers,
especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more,
smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the
lung. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental
tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.

The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if

nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles has
some of the world’s cleanest cars – far better than those of Europe – but
the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution
is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share
the same destination share the use of one car. However, the number of
people in a car on a freeway in Los Angeles, which is 1.0, has been
falling steadily . Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing
emissions as well as easing congestion.
Sentence -structure Focus

Dr. paula Kim, director of Eating

Disorders Clinic at Baldwin Hospital,
explains that it is unusual for athletes,
especially gymnasts, to become obsessed
with their weight. One reason for this is
that, in gymnastics, the lighter the
body, the more skillfully it can perform.
She explains that an obsession with
weight can lead to extreme dieting.
Which affect not only the body but also
the mind.

Be knowledgeable in using the punctuation!!!

The world is experiencing a dramatic increase in population, This
is causing problems not only for poor, undeveloped countries, but
also for industrialized and developing nations.
Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes, and
suggest at least one possible solution.

In poor countries it is difficult to provide enough food

to feed even the present number of people. In addition,
education to limit the number of children per family is
not always successful. Poorer countries usually have a
lot of unemployment too, and an increase in
population simply makes the situation worse. The
environment also suffers when there are too many
people living on the land.
 C HE C K I NG
•All verbs forms must be written in full: do not use contractions such as can’t,
don’t, etc.
•Do not use abbreviations such as info for information or ads for advertisements.
•Avoid using informal intensifiers such as really, so, absolutely; use extremely,
highly, entirely, fully instead.
•Avoid using phrasal verb which tend to be used in informal writing and
conversation; for example, use seek a job instead of look for a job; most phrasal
verbs are idiomatic in nature, that is, their meaning cannot usually be inferred
from their individual parts.
•Avoid using informal discourse markers and link words such as besides or by the
way and use incidentally instead.
•Do not use set phrases and idioms, for example, ‘I am not going to pay you a
penny’ instead ‘Your fee will be paid.’
•Avoid ellipsis (leaving out words), for example leaving out the subject I in ‘Hope
to hear from you soon.’
•Cut out redundant words, for example: 'absolutely essential' (just say 'essential');
'combined together' (just say 'combined'); 'the great majority of' (just say 'the
majority of').
•Use a thesaurus to find alternatives to words you use too often.
•Using possibly or probably in front of verbs or noun phrases: “This is
possibly caused by ...” or “This is probably the most important factor.”
•Using the modal verbs may and might: “This may be the most important
factor.”
•Using appears to or seems to: “This appears to be the most important factor.”
•Avoiding always and every, and replacing them with often and many/much.
•Use formal vocabulary, for example, discuss rather than talk about.
•Using There as a subject: ‘There is a serious risk of ... ‘
•Using It as a subject: ‘It is very difficult to ... ‘
•Using One a subject: ‘One may ask whether ...’ (One is a formal version of
You)
•Using the passive voice: ‘Many things can be done to ...’ to avoid using I and
we
•Avoid using rhetorial questions: ‘Smoking is dangerous. But is banning it
such a good idea after all?’
•Avoid the overuse or misuse of certain logical connectors, especially
besides, furthermore and moreover. Besides is informal, and both
furthermore and moreover mean that the following information is more
important that the information before. Use In addition or Also instead.
C
O
P
Y
I
N O
G C
V
O G
PUNCTUATION
E E
ERRORS
N R
Firstly, not all people _ _willing to reduce their R
R
N needs to travel from their home to another places. A
U Particularly for busy worker such as businesman, R
M
E since he tend to have plenty meetings. So he
S O
must travel from one places to another places M
C
frequently. Otherwise, he will lose his potential R
I
O clients. Therefore, his need to go to some places A S
Actually, reducing the need for people to travel from home to
another places is not the only way to reduce the amount of traffic
in cities. There are other ways to reduce the amout of traffic. For
instance, the government of the country could improve the
quality of local public transportation. Therefore, people will feel
comfortable in traveling with public transportation and will prefer
to travel with train, bus or other public transportation since it has
a high level of comfort and they tend to think that travel by their
own car just will cause a traffic jam. Thus, the goverment must
concern in improving the quality of public transportation as well
as its services in order to realize a realiable public transportation
along with reducing the amount SPELLING
of traffic. CONTRACTIO
ERRORS N USAGE

To conclude, the only way to reduce the amount of traffic in

cities isn't only by reducing the need for people to go to another
places, but also by improving the quality of public transportation
REPETI
as well as making it more reliable.
TION