Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inferential Statistics
Prepared by Dr. Ali Bavik & as adapted by
Shanshan
Learning Objectives
• What is SPSS?
• Basic Analysis
• Types of Statistics
– Descriptive analysis
• Central Tendency
– Mean; Median; Mode
• Normal Distribution
• Standard Deviation
2
SPSS
1) Descriptive Statistics
• Frequencies
• Minimum
• Maximum
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
• Standard Deviation
We Can Analyse Data 3 Basic Ways
Descriptive Statistics
• Characterize the attributes of a set of
measurements
• Used to summarize data
• Used to explore patterns of variation
• Used to describe changes over time
Central Tendency
Mode
Most Frequently Occurring Score
Median
Middle Score
Mean
Arithmetic Average
Levels of Measurement & the Best Measure of Central
Tendency
Example: Weight
Frequency Distribution
69, 77, 77, 77, 84, 84.5, 85, 85, 87, 92, 98
Mode
Symmetrical
50% of the values < the mean1& 50% > the mean
0
Standard deviation is a measure of the
spread of scores
That is, how spread out is the data set?
How much does the data
vary from the average?
EXAMPLE
Test Scores
Most students are very spread out from the mean with
individuals achieving very high or very low scores on the test
Mean
83.1
Set of Data
Standard
Deviation
Student test scores
69, 77, 77, 77, 84, 85, 85, 87, 92, 98 8.39
Student Score Example
69 + 77+ 77+77+84+ 85+ 85+ 87+92+ 98
Inferential Analysis
• Used to generate conclusions about the
population’s characteristics based on the sample
data
– Determine population parameters
– Test hypotheses E.g. null hypothesis, alternative
hypothesis
– That is, results are generalisable to the population
– Only possible when using a random sample
Types of Statistics
Differences Analysis:
Used to compare the mean of the responses of one
group to that of another group
– Determine if differences exist between
groups
– Evaluate statistical significance of difference
in the means of two groups in a sample
– E.g., T-test, Paired Samples T-test, One-way
ANOVA
Types of Statistics
Associative Analysis
Determines the strength & direction of relationships
between two or more variables
–Chi-square Analysis (Cross-Tabulation)
–Correlation
–Regression Analysis
–Multiple Regression Analysis
Types of Statistics
Predictive Analysis
Allows one to make forecasts for future events based on a
statistical model
• Estimate the level of Y, given the amount of X
• For Example -
Independent T-test
Paired Samples T-test
ANOVA
Regression Analysis
Determining the Test
Parameter Estimation
• Market segmentation holds that within a market, there are different types
of consumers who have different requirements, and these differences can
be the bases of marketing strategies
• Other differences are not so obvious and marketers who “discover” these
subtle differences may take advantage of huge gains in the marketplace.
Why Differences are Important
Market Segmentation
• Differences must be statistically significant
– Statistical significance of differences: the differences in the
sample(s) may be assumed to exist in the population(s) from which
the random samples are drawn
– Statistically significant differences should be demonstrated between
groups
• Homogeneity of Variance
– In ANOVA and T-test the variances within the groups are statistically the same
• Independence of Observations
– One observation does not influence the making of another observation (except for
repeated measure analyzes)
42
Determining Statistical Significance: The
‘p’ value
•If the p-value > 0.05 then Do Not Reject the Null
Hypothesis
•If the p-value < 0.05 then Reject the Null Hypothesis
47
How do you know when the results are
significant?
49