WEEK 10 Topic

 Photographic Printing
 Contact Printing
 Projection Printing
 Color printing process

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
General Types of Photographic Printing

1. CONTACT PRINTING – simplest and most economical

method. Exposing photographic printing while it is pressed
in contact with the negative being produced.

2. PROJECTION PRINTING – the image in a negative is optically

projected or enlarged onto a print material for exposure to
produce an image.

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
General Types of Photographic Printing
1. Contact Printing
• The procedure of exposing photographic printing while it is pressed in
contact with the negative being reproduced. This is the simplest and the
most economical method of photographic printing.
• In terms of print quality, it can surpass enlargements in tonality because
there is no scattering of image forming lights as this can be in projected
beams of an enlarger.
• It usually looks sharper because there is no lens in the printing system to
add its aberrations in the print making process and also because details
that may be slightly out of focus are not enlarged so the unsharpness is not
apparent.
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
General Types of Photographic Printing
2. Projection printing
This type of printing where the image in a negative Is optically projected or
enlarged onto a print material for exposure to produce a picture image. The
main equipment used is the enlarger.
The basic or essential parts of an enlarger are:
a. Baseboard and its vertical column
b. Lamphouse
c. Condenser or diffuser
d. Lens
e. Focusing knob
f. Red filter
g. Electrical cord or switch
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
General Types of Photographic Printing
The essential accessories of an enlarger are:
a. Negative carrier
b. Easel or paper holder
c. Timer for consistent and repeatable exposure
NOTE :
There are different sizes of enlargers. The size of the enlarger is
dependent on the size of the negative it is capable of accepting. There is the
8mm microfilms, the 35 mm which is now the most common and popular, the
120 mm, or the bigger negative sizes like “4x5”

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
General Types of Photographic Printing

The most common light sources for enlargers are:

a. Tungsten lamp
b. Halogen lamp
c. Mercury vapor lamp
d. Flourescent lamp sometimes referred to as “cold light”
because it is somewhat diffused illumination. This is generally used
in portrait work.

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING
Equipment Used in Photographic Enlarging and Printing
a. Enlarger
b. Metal, plastic or bamboo tongs preferably with rubber ends to hold the
prints.
c. Three plastic or metal trays - one each for the developer, stop-bath and the
fixer. The size of the tray is determined by the largest print size.
d. Bigger tray or tank for washing prints
e. Three galloon size bottles for storing mixed solution.
f. Three beakers
g. Clips for drying
h. Paper cutter
i. Timer
j. Rubber (surgical) hand gloves
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Enlarging Procedures for Black&White Negative
1. Clean both sides of the negative then place it in the negative carrier with
the emuIsion (dull side) facing the lens of the enlarger or downward position.
Insert the negative in the enlarger.
2. Adjust the masking guides of the easel in accordance with the intended size
to be printed.
3. Turn on the red light (safelight) then turn off the white light.
4. Switch on the enlarger then adjust the lens of the enlarger to its widest
aperture. This will allow the brightest image on the easel.
5. Adjust focusing by rotating the focusing knob. For desired size of the image,
adjust the elevating knob. For bigger magnification, pull the enlarger
down, then tighten the elevating knob securely. Focus may now be finely
readjusted.
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
Enlarging Procedures for Black&White Negative
6. Switch off the enlarger's light. Close down the lens aperture two or three
times from its optimum aperture.

7. lf this is the first time that the negative is being printed, make a series of
test strips or trial exposures on strips of photographic papers exposed at
different exposure time generally 2 seconds interval each. Make sure that the
photographic papers are placed in the easel emulsion side up when making
the exposure.

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Enlarging Procedures for Black&White Negative
8. Process the test strips by immersing it in the developing solution for 1 to 1
% minutes. Slip the exposed photographic paper into the developing
solution to wet them evenly. Agitate it continuously by either moving the print
or by rocking the tray. When the developing time is finished, lift off the
print, drip dry it before transferring it to the next solution. Then transfer
it to the stop-bath for 10 to 15 seconds then in the fixing bath for a minute or
so. Examine the test strip under a white light to determine which of the
exposure time is the best and if the contrast of the print is alright.
Otherwise, repeat the exercise whether shorter or l onger exposure time
is needed.

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

Enlarging Procedures for Black&White Negative
9. When the right exposure had been selected, make a full print. Process it
then evaluate the print for over-all quality. Consider for possible
cropping, or local exposure control.
10. Current fixing bath only require 10-15 minutes fixing time. Formerly it was
20 to 30 minutes.
11. Wash the prints in running water for another 20-30 seconds
12. Dry the prints

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

CHEMICAL FORMULA
Developer Formulation
The typical components of black-and-white developer are:
1. Solvent (water)
2. Developing agent
3. Preservative
4. Accelerate or Activator
5. Restrainer
Various chemicals can serve this function. Chemicals chosen are
determined whether it is slow or fast acting, produce high, normal, or low
contrast, achieves maximum emulsion speed, creates the fine grain or acts in a
number of ways.
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
CHEMICAL FORMULA
Developer Formulation
The typical components of black-and-white developer are:
1. Solvent (water)
2. Developing agent
3. Preservative
4. Accelerate or Activator
5. Restrainer
Various chemicals can serve this function. Chemicals chosen are
determined whether it is slow or fast acting, produce high, normal, or low
contrast, achieves maximum emulsion speed, creates the fine grain or acts in a
number of ways.
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
CHEMICAL FORMULA
D-76 Film Developer Formulation Dektol – Paper Developer
• Water – 750 ml • Water 52 c to 125 f– 500 ml
• Elon – 2 grams • Elon – 311 grams
• Hydroquinone – 5 grams • Hydroquinone – 12 grams
• Sodium Sulfite – 100 grams • Sodium Sulfite – 4.5 grams
• Borax (granules) – 2 grams • Sodium Carbonate – 67.5 grams
• Water to make - 1 liter • Potassium bromide – 1 gram
• Water to make - 1 liter

This is a stock solution. To use, take 1 part stock solution and add 2 parts of water

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

CHEMICAL FORMULA
Stop-Bath – can be plain water only with 28% glacial acetic acid

Fixing Bath Formula

The Chemical components of a fixing bath are :
• Water
• Dissolving agent
• Preservatives
• Neutralizers
• Hardener

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

CHEMICAL FORMULA

Fixing Bath Formula

A typical fixer formula :
• Water - 600 ml
• Hypo (sodium thiosulfate) – 240 grams
• Sodium sulfite ( anhydrous) – 15 grams
• Acetic Acid (28%) – 480 ml
• Boric Acid (crystals) – 7.5 grams
• Potassium Alum (fine granular) - 15 grams
• Water to make – 1 liter
The fixing bath is recommended generally for both films
and photographic papers
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
CONTACT PRINTER

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
10/30/2023 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC