WEEK 8 TOPIC

 Camera Exposures
 Exposure with flash
 Photographic Filters

02/20/2024 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

EXPOSURE
In photography, exposure is the amount of light which reaches
your camera sensor or film. It is a crucial part of how bright or dark
your pictures appear. It is the product of illumination and time. There
are only two camera settings that affect the actual luminous
exposure of an image: The Shutter Speed and Aperture

Exposure is computed by the use of light or exposure meter.

The amount of light coming from a source or the amount of light
being reflected by the subject is measured by the light meter. Proper
adjustment therefore becomes simplified.
FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY
FLASH UNITS - It is a device in photography producing a
flash or artificial light to help illuminate a scene. A major
purpose of a flash is to illuminate the DARK SCENE. Other uses
are capturing quickly moving objects or changing the quality
of light. Most current flash units are electronic, having
evolved from single-use flashbulbs and flammable powders.
Modern cameras often activate flash units automatically.
Flash units are commonly built directly into a camera. Some
cameras allow separate flash units to be mounted via a
standardized accessory mount bracket.
02/20/2024 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
FILTERS is a homogeneous medium which
absorbs and transmits differentially
light rays passing through it.

Are transparent or translucent glass

or gelatin elements that attach to
the front of a lens. They protect the
camera lens, alter the
characteristics of light passing
through the lens or add special
effects and colors to an image
FILTER FACTOR

A color filter will work in such a way that it will transmit its own color
and absorbs all other colors.

By using filters in combination with black and white films, the

photographer can control the tonal values to get a technically correct
rendition or to exaggerate, or suppress the tonal differences for visibility,
emphasis and other effects. With color films, filters are used to change
the color quality of the exposing lights to secure proper color balance
with the film being used.
FILTER FACTOR
Because filter subtract some light passing through the lens,
an increase in exposure time or lens opening is necessary.
The number of times that the normal exposure must be
multiplied is called “filter factor”.

The filter factor value depends on the film type and light
source in addition to the absorption of the filter.
USE OF FILTERS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Clear Filter - It is also known as window glass filters or optical flats, are
completely transparent, and ideally perform no filtering of incoming light at all.
The only use of a clear filter is to protect the front of the lens.
2. UV Filter - This is used to reduce haziness created by ultraviolet light. AUV filter is
mostly transparent to visible light, and can be left of the lens for nearly all shots.
UV filters are often used for lens protection, much like clear filters.
3. Color Correction - A major use is to compensate for the effects of lighting not
balanced for the film stock’s rated color temperature. The use of these filters has
been greatly reduced by the widespread adoption of digital photography, since
color balance problems are now often addressed with software after the image is
captured, or with camera settings as the image is captured.
02/20/2024 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
USE OF FILTERS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
a. Color conversion filters - These are with reference number which is yellowish or orange, for
lowering the color temperature of the light. Filters with even numbers are bluish and raise the color
temperature. These set filters change a particular light source by the amount required for a particular film
type.
b. Color compensating filters - These are best bought as gelatins of various tints and strengths.
These allow you to "fine tune" adjustments towards warmer or colder results due to batch variations,
working conditions, non-standard light sources.
4. Color subtraction filters - These work by absorbing certain colors of light, letting the remaining colors
through. They can be used to demonstrate the primary colors that make up an image. They are perhaps
most frequently used in the printing industry for color separations, and again, use has diminished as digital
solutions have become more advanced and abundant.

5. Contrast enhancement - Filters are commonly used in black and white photography to manipulate
contrast. For example a yellow filter will enhance the contrast between clouds and sky by darkening the
latter.
02/20/2024 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
TYPES OF FILTERS
1. BIue filters- These can be used effectively when photographing blood in black and
white. When used outdoors, it will make the sky or any blue objects appear white in the
photograph.
2. Green filters - Used in place of the blue filter for photographing blood often they work
better than the blue filter
3. Yellow filters - It can be used to photograph white cars. The details of the car will
stand out. Yellow filters also cut through haze to certain extent and can be used with
good results to photograph an accident on a hazy day.
4.Ultraviolet filter - It is not a filter for ultraviolet photography rather it is a filter which
screen out the violet end of the spectrum. When placed in front of a lens, it will not only
improve most of the police photographer's work but it will also prevent his lens from
being scratched.
02/20/2024 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC
TYPES OF FILTERS
5. Special 18A deep purple filter - It is the correct filter for ultraviolet
photography. These are often used in photography, its short wavelength
gives better definition of the fine details.
6. Polarizing filter - It is used to cut down light transmission. They do no
otherwise affect the color or tonal quality of the scene. It polarizes reflected
light from a non-metallic surface such as water and reduced reflection in the
photograph. It is the only filter than can increase the blue saturation in the
sky in a color photograph.

02/20/2024 PREPARED BY: MS. KATRINA A GAMBOA, RC

FILTERS
TYPES OF FILTER IN BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Correction Filter – used to change the response of the film so that all colors
are recorded at approximately the relative brightness values seen by the eye.
2. Contrast Filters – used to change the relative brightness values so that two
colors which would otherwise be recorded as nearly the same will have
decidedly different brightness in the picture.
3. Haze Filter - used to illuminate or reduce the effect of serial haze
4. Neutral Density filter – used for reducing the amount of light transmitted
without changing the color value.
5. Polarizing filter – used to reduce or eliminate reflections on highly reflective
surfaces.