LESSON 10: REGISTER

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

(CPU REGISTER)

 is one of a small set of data holding  These are the top of the memory
places that are part of the computer hierarchy, and are the fastest way for
processor. the system to manipulate data. In a
 is a very fast computer memory used very simple microprocessor, it
to speed the execution of computer consists of a single memory location,
programs . A register may hold an usually called an accumulator.
instruction, a storage address, or any  are normally measured by number of
kind of data (such as a bit sequence bits they can hold .
or individual characters).
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

is the primary component of a computer

that processes instructions. It runs
the operating system and applications,
constantly receiving input from the
user or active software programs. It
processes the data and produces output
, which may stored by an application
or displayed on the screen.
Vonn Neumann Architecture
 Registers
 Small memory spaces inside the processor.
 Can each hold any single values.
 Are termed as “special registers” or “general registers”.

PC-Program counter
 Stores instruction in order.
 Keeps a check on where the next instruction is in main memory.

MAR-Memory Address
 Temporarily stores address of next instruction that needs to be
executed by processor.
 Addresses are stored so processor knows where in main memory to
look for the instruction.
 Addresses are put into the MAR by program counter.
 MDR-Memory data register
 Once in address is in the mar, the processor can fetch the
instruction from main memory and a copy of the instruction
is put in MDR (Temporarily).

CIR- Current Instruction register

 Stores a copy of instruction currently in the MDR.
 The copied instruction is split into parts.
 One part is decoded by processor , ready for execution.

Accumulator
 Stores any values that are needed as part of
arithmetic operation .
 The only general purpose register that we’ve looked at.
 All of the rest are known as special purpose registers.
RISC AND CISC
are technologies on which design and architecture of microprocessor is based

 RISC stands for REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER

is a computer instruction set that allows a computer's microprocessor to
have fewer cycles per instruction than a complex instruction set computer.
A RISC has a small set of simple and general instructions, rather than a large
set of complex and specialized ones.

 CISC stands for COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER

The hardware is controlled by instructions coded in control memory.
Instruction is called microinstruction and coding process is called
microprogramming. Each microinstructions produces control signal to control
hardware of computer. It is more complex but less efficient processor
designing technique.
Difference between RISC AND CISC
Sn RISC CISC

1 Small set of instruction with fixed (32 Large set of instructions with variable
bits) format and most register based format (16-64 bits per instructions)
instructions.

2 Addressing modes are limited to 3-5. 12-24 addressing modes.

3 Large numbers (32-192) of 8-24 GPRs with a unified cache for

GPRs(General purpose registers) with instruction and data, recent designs
mostly split data cache and also use split caches
instruction cache.

4 Most hardwired without control Most micro coded using memories

memory. (ROM) but modern CISC also used
hardwired control.