Gaskets

©2023 Course Title Haward Technology Middle East 1

 Gaskets
• PURPOSE:
• To introduce and describe some of the gasket
types available and their applications.

• SCOPE:
• This manual discusses the structural design of
different types of gaskets and their features as
well as materials of construction.
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INTRODUCTION:
Gaskets are a type of static seals. Gaskets are used to prevent gases or
liquids from leaking from between two static surfaces. They are also
preventing dirt, sand, etc. from entering the system.
A gasket is a thin piece of material that is placed between two static
surfaces (see Figure 1).

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IMPORTANCE OF GASKETS

Compression of a gasket.

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IMPORTANCE OF GASKETS
Gaskets provide a leak proof joint. This is very important when joining of flat
metal surface to another. It is very difficult to machine two metal surfaces to fit
together without leaking. Heat expansion and pressure causes metal to distort.
This distortion can cause leaks between the two metal surfaces (see Figure 2)
Gaskets are used to provide a fluid-tight joint. They must be made of a softer
material than the metal surfaces. They are mostly used between flanges, or other
parts that have clamping bolts to pull the metal surfaces together. By tightening
the clamping bolts, the metal surfaces compress the gasket material. The gasket
material fills the imperfections of the metal surfaces. This then forms a tight seal.
Figure (2)
If a gasket is not providing a fluid-tight joint, results can be disastrous (Figure 3)

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 TYPES OF GASKETS

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Types of gaskets…
There are many types of gaskets used on plant equipment. They are made
from materials that are not effected by fluids, either chemically or by the
temperature and pressure in the system. This material can either by
metallic or non-metallic. Special gaskets can be brought that are the exact
shape of the metal surface. Other gaskets can be brought that are the
exact shape of the metal surface. Other gaskets are cut to size and shape
from a large sheet. These are normally only non-metallic types.
The correct selection of gasket is very important. A lot of things have to be
considered when choosing a gasket, such as the operating pressure and
temperature, working conditions, and the type of fluid used. For a gasket
to work properly, it must be replaced every time a piece of plant
equipment is stripped-down and reassembled.

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Types of gaskets…
Some of the recognizable types are:
• Spiral Wound Gasket
• Metallic Gasket
• Non-Metallic Gasket
• Special Gaskets for Heat Exchanger

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Types of gaskets…
Spiral Wound Gaskets
• Spiral wound gasket comprise a mix of metallic and filler
material. Generally, the gasket has a metal (normally
stainless steel) wound outwards in a circular spiral (other
shapes are possible) with the filler material (generally a
flexible graphite) wound in the same manner but starting
from the opposing side. This results in alternating layers of
filler and metal. The filler material in these gaskets acts as
the sealing element, with the metal providing structural
support.Spiral wound gaskets are designed for
ASME ,DIN,JIS flanges
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Spiral Wound Gaskets

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Spiral Wound Gaskets

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Types of gaskets…
SPIRAL WOUND GASKET
STRUCTURE
A spiral-wound gasket (Figure 3) is used for pressures up to
172 bar. They are made of alternate plies of V-performed
hoop and soft filler that are tightly and spirally wound
together. The metal winding around the entire inside and
outside circumferences of the gasket is spot-welded.

The outer ring serves as a compression stop, anti-blowout

device, which properly centers the gasket on the flange. The
inner ring acts as a compression stop and is used to fill the
annular space between the flange bore and the gasket inside
diameter to minimise turbulence of process fluids and erosion
of flange faces.

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Types of gaskets…
SPIRAL WOUND GASKET
STRUCTURE
On rare occasions, applications for spiral-wound gaskets arise where it
is necessary to utilise a spiral-wound outer and/or inner ring (Figure 4).
The spiral-wound outer or inner rings are used primarily as
reinforcement and are chosen instead of a solid metal ring,

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 Features & Benefits
•By changing the material of hoop or filler or by attaching ribs or rings, the
gasket's application range may be increased not only on pipe flanges but also
on the joints of other industrial machinery including automobiles.
•There is no worrying about leakage under cryogenic temperature services.
•The gasket withstands high-temperature and high-pressure services. There is
no decrease in its sealability found even if operating conditions should
suddenly change. It would neither cause any leakage nor would it get
damaged if exposed to heat or pressure cycle additional heat stress.
•The total cost of the machinery and equipment can be reduced because no
accurate finish of gasket seating face is necessitated, for example the
roughness 25S as specified by JIS is acceptable.

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 API Stamping requirement
Figure 5 shows API stamping requirement for gaskets.

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 Gasket Styles

There are four basic styles of spiral wound gasket:

•Spiral wound gasket with an external ring
•Spiral wound gasket with an internal ring
•Spiral wound gasket with internal & external rings
•Spiral wound gasket without any rings

Spiral wound gasket with an external ring (Figure 6) accurately centres on flange
face, provides additional radial strength to prevent gasket blow-out and acts as
a compression stop. It is suitable for use with flat face and raced face flanges.

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 Gasket Styles
The second style features internal and external rings (Figure 7). The
additional internal ring gives an additional compression limiting stop, and
provides heat and corrosion barrier, protecting gasket windings and
preventing flange erosion. It is suitable for use with flat face and raised face
flanges and it is specified for high pressure/temperature service or where
corrosive or toxic media are present.

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 Gasket Styles
The internal ring spiral wound gasket (Figure 8) is suitable for male
and female pipe flanges. The internal ring acts as a compression
stop and fills the annular space between flange bore and the inside
diameter. It is designed to prevent accumulation of solids, reduce
turbulent flow of process fluids and minimize erosion of flange faces.

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 Gasket Styles
In the spiral wound gasket with no rings (Figure 9), the inner and
outer diameter are reinforced with several piles of metal without
filler to give greater stability and better compression and sealing
characteristics. This style of gasket is suitable for tongue and groove
or male and female or grooved to flat face flange assemblies.

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 Gasket Selection
For ease of identification, flexible spiral wound gaskets utilizes a color coding
system around the outside edge of the centering ring, thus permitting full
identification of both the winding and filler materials. Each gasket manufacturer
has its own color-coding and it is not possible to list them for standard use.
Figure 10 is an indication of which flexible spiral gasket best sits different pipe
flange configurations and service conditions.

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Gaskets Mounting

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 METALLIC GASKETS
Metallic gaskets are used for high pressure and temperature
operation. Some of the most common types are:

• Ring Joint Gasket

• Corrugated Gasket
• Jacketed Gasket
• Flat Metal Gasket

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 Ring Joint Gasket
Ring Joint gaskets (Figure 11) are used for pressures up to 1400 bar.
They are made from iron, nickel, monel, copper and stainless steel.

These rings are suitable in

corrosive and high
temperature environment.
Typical uses are pressure
valves, refineries, pipeline
valves and well heads. Ring
joint gaskets can only be used
on ring joint flange.

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Corrugated Gasket
Corrugated Metallic Gaskets (Figure 12) are made from thin sheet metal formed into
embossed concentric rings. They may be used with jointing compound or with cord
cemented into the corrugations. These are essentially line-contact gaskets with the
corrugations providing mechanical support to the compound or cord filling. Their
resilience depends upon the type and thickness of the metal used and the pitch and
depth of the corrugations. Commonly used metals are Copper, Brass, Aluminium, Steel,
Stainless Steel and Monel.

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Jacketed Gaskets
Metal-jacketed Soft Filler Gaskets (Figure 13) comprise a soft compressible filler partially
or wholly enclosed in a metal jacket. Being more resilient than corrugated gaskets, they
are better able to accommodate flange irregularities, particularly when sealing at high
pressures. The jackets may be formed from Sheet Lead, Soft Iron, Aluminum, Copper,
Brass, Steel, Nickel, Monel or Stainless Steel. By selecting the correct jacket materials,
this type of gasket can be used for high temperature service such as cylinder heads and
exhaust manifolds of internal combustion engines as well as for hot water, steam,
hydrocarbons, acid and alkali solutions.

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 Flat Metal Gasket

Flat Metal Gasket (Figure 14) can be punched or machined in Copper,

Aluminium, Brass, 'Armco' Iron, Monel Metal, Chrome Steel. Machined with
Rectangular, Square, Round Section, Diamond, Oval or Serrated Profile
Section.
Solid gaskets give good service
when deformability is not required
to compensate for poor flange
surface finish, warping or
misalignment. Suitable for a very
wide temperature range.

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 NON METALLIC GASKETS

Examples of non-metallic gaskets are:

•O-rings
•Sheet rubber
•Graphite Gaskets

O-rings
The O ring (Figure 15) is exceptionally versatile sealing device. Applications ranging
from garden hose couplings to critical aerospace duties make it the world’s most
popular volume produced seal.

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 O-ring has many benefits. They:
•Suit static and dynamic duties
•Occupy little space
•Seal efficiency in both directions
•Are compatible with most fluid media
•Function from –65 C to +315 C in elastomers

Some of the materials frequently used are Medium

Nitrile, Ethylene-propylene, Flurocarbon (FPM),
Silicone, Buna-N and Viton.

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 Sheet Rubber
One of the most popular synthetic rubber sheets (Figure 16), Neoprene
is also one of the least expensive of sheet rubber selection. Neoprene
sheet is specially compounded to provide good resistance to oils and
gasoline in such applications as gaskets and flanges in gas permeable
situations. Also applicable for bumpers, pads ‫ مصدات ومنصات‬and sealing
usages.

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Graphite Gaskets

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SPECIAL GASKETS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS
A "Heat Exchanger Gasket" is a term that has been giving to the
gasket that is called out for use in a heat exchanger. The make up
of the gasket or type varies due to the operating conditions of
the heat exchanger. Some of the commonly used gaskets are
metallic and soft compressible material. Metallic gaskets can
come in different styles like; double jacket, single jacket, solid
metal or a spiral wound. Soft compressible material can be
rubber, TFE, or non-asbestos compressed sheet type. The design
of a heat exchanger also may require different gasket shapes and
the ones mentioned above can be made to a variety of shapes.
Figure 18 shows the different shapes of heat exchanger gaskets.

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