SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

• Refer to organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules,

practices, and relationships that exist to attain social
order.

• Also refers to well-established and structured relationships

between groups of people that are considered
fundamental components of a society’s culture.
1. Kinship, Marriage, and
Family
Kinship

• The relatedness of certain individuals within a

group, have norms and expectations that
structure, and govern kin behavior.
• A relation between two or more persons that is
based on common ancestry (descent) or marriage
(affinity)
Bases of Kinship

• 1. Blood Relationship (Consanguineal)

• Kin are related by blood
• Bond between parents and their children and
between siblings
• 2. Marriage (Affinal)
• once a man marries another, he establishes
a relationship not only with his wife but also
with the family of the woman
• Brother-in-law
• Sister-in-law
• Son-in-law
Degree of Kinship
Primary Kin

• Husband and wife

• Father and son
• Mother and daughter
• Mother and son
Secondary Kin

• They are the primary kin of primary kin or related through primary
kin.
• Sisters husband
• Father’s brother
• Sisters husband
Tertiary kin

• Secondary kin of our primary kin or primary kin of

our secondary kin
• You and your sister are primary kin. If your sister
has a husband, the husband of your sister is your
secondary kin and those primary kin of your
brother in law become your tertiary kin
Relationship according to place of residence
• 1. Patrilocal- the married couple is required to live with
the family or near residence of the groom
• 2. Matrilocal- the married couple is required to live with
the family or near residence of the parents of the bride
• 3. Bilocal- the newlywed has the freedom to select
where to live (either with parents of the groom or wife)
• 4. Neolocal- the newlywed can decide independently
where to live
• 5. Avunculocal- the newlywed should live with or near
the maternal uncle of the groom.
MARRIAGE
• A special contract of permanent union between a
man and a woman entered into in accordance with
law for the establishment of conjugal and family
life. (Article 1 of the Family Code of the Phils.)
Talks about 2 aspects of marriage: as a contract
and as a status.
Four basic forms of MArriage
• 1. Monogamy- marriage of one man and one woman
• 2. Polygyny- marriage of one man to two or more
women at the same time
• 3. Polyandry- marriage of one woman to two or more
men
• 4. Group marriage- marriage of two or more men to
two or more women. It requires a minimum of four
individuals
Marriage as an inviolable social institution
 Marriage as a contract

• According to Justice Alicia V. Sempio-Diy, marriage is

different from other contracts due to ff. reasons:
• 1. only man and woman can enter into such contract;

• 2. it is permanent and can only be dissolved by the

death of one parties or when it is annulled for legal
causes by the court;
• 3. rights and duties of the parties are fixed by law
and not subject to stipulation except when there is
marriage settlements or pre-nuptial agreements;

• 4. breach of the obligations of husband and wife

prescribes penal and civil actions like adultery,
concubinage
Marriage as status

• Once a status of being married is created,

marriage is no longer just a contract but an
inviolable social institution, the foundation of
the family and should be protected by the
state.
Essential Requirements of a valid marriage
• 1. Legal capacity of the contracting parties
who must be male and female;
• 2. consent freely given in the presence of
the solemnizing officer
Formal requirements of a valid marriage
• 1. authority of the solemnizing officer
• 2. marriage license
• 3. marriage ceremony
Instances where marriage is void from the
beginning
• 1. contracted by any party below eighteen years of age
even with the consent of parents or guardians;

• 2. Solemnized by any person not legally authorized to

perform marriages unless such marriages were
contracted with either or both parties believing in
good faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal
authority to do so
• 3. those bigamous or polygamous marriages not falling under
Article 41
• Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any person during subsistence of a previous
marriage shall be null and void, unless before the celebration of the subsequent
marriage, the prior spouse had been absent for four consecutive years and the
spouse present has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead.
In case of disappearance where there is danger of death under the circumstances set
forth in the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil Code, an absence of only two years
shall be sufficient.
• For the purpose of contracting the subsequent marriage under the preceding
paragraph the spouse present must institute a summary proceeding as provided in
this Code for the declaration of presumptive death of the absentee, without prejudice
to the effect of reappearance of the absent spouse.
• 4. contracted through mistake of one contracting party as to
the identity of the other
• 5. those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53.
• Art. 53. Either of the former spouses may marry again after compliance
with the requirements of the immediately preceding Article; otherwise,
the subsequent marriage shall be null and void.
• Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity of the
marriage, the partition and distribution of the properties of the spouses
and the delivery of the children's presumptive legitimes shall be recorded
in the appropriate civil registry and registries of property; otherwise, the
same shall not affect third persons.
Trends in marriage
• 1. divorce
• 2. annulment
• 3. legal separation
• 4. single parenthood
• 5. remarriage (for countries that allow divorce)
• 6. cohabitation
• 7. birth and child rearing outside marriage
• Legal Separation also known as relative divorce (a
mensa et thoro), which means separation from
bed and board, but the parties remain married.

• Annulment means to nullify, to abolish to make

void by competent authority the marriage.
Family
• Article 149 of the Civil Code of the Phils.
Defines family as the foundation of the nation,
a basic social institution which public policy
cherishes and protects.
Kinds of Family

• 1. Nuclear Family- basic family, usually

consists of two parents and their dependent
children
• 2. Extended family- it consists of a nuclear
family and those people related to its
members by blood ties.
Qualities of strong families

• 1. Commitment
• 2. Appreciation and affection
• 3. Positive Communication
• 4. Enjoyable time together
• 5. Spiritual well-being
• 6. Ability to cope with stress and crisis
 The nature of family in recent times has
undergone certain transformations.

• 1. The emergence of single-parent families have caused society to

rethink the conventional composition of the family as having two
parents;

• 2. The phenomenon of Overseas Filipino Workers has led to the

establishment of families where a parent or both parents are not
present, and the authority is given to an older relative or even
sibling;

• 3. The emergence of same-sex spouses;

• 4. Married couples who are childless;

• 5. Families who have children through adoption; and

• 6. The growing number of “broken families” brought

about by increased cases of separation or dissolution
of marriage.