CANCER OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE CANCER in FEMALE

OVARY UTERUS Endometrial Uterus- Cervical Vagina/ Vulva

OVARIAN CANCER
Risk Factors
Genetic Increasing age-menopausal women Nullipara Early menstrual cycles- start before 12 years old and late menopausal Use of estrogens or hormone replacement therapy Use of Talc, High fat diet

Symptoms
Pelvic pressure or frequent urination Pain or swelling in the abdomen Pain during intercourse Vaginal bleeding in post menopausal women Unexplained changes in bowel habits

Diagnostic Exams
PE Pelvic examinations CA-125 assay One or more various imaging procedures (MRI, CTs scan, UTZ) A lower GI series, or barium enema Diagnostic laparoscopy

Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Surgery- oophorectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, Total Abdominal Hysteretomy Bilatreal Salphingo Oophorectomy Chemotherapy- via the lymphatic system or the blood stream Radiation

UTERINE CANCER
Cancer of uterine cavity Divided into two primary forms Endometrial Cancer Cervical Cancer

Endometrial Cancer

ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
develops when the cells that make up the endometrium become abnormal and grow uncontrollably exact cause of endometrial cancer is known endometrial cancer is the most common type of uterine cancer tumor cells can spread to the ovaries in early stage of the disease

Risk Factors
Age of 50 and above Obesity Estrogen replacement therapy Diabetes Hypertension Early first menstruation or late menopause Tamoxifen Genetic factors Nullipara women

Causes
high levels of estrogen

SYMPTOMS
Vaginal bleeding
menorrhagia metrorrhagia in premenopausal women in women older than 40: extremely long, heavy, or frequent episodes of bleeding( may indicate premalignant changes)

Anemia Lower abdominal pain or pelvic cramping Thin white or clear vaginal discharge in postmenopausal women

Diagnostic Exams
Pap smear Endometrial curettage Hysteroscopy Endometrial biopsy or aspiration Transvaginal ultrasound TruTest- uses the small flexible Tao Brush to brush the entire lining of the uterus

Treatment
Surgical treatment- TAHBSO
Abdominal hysterectomy more prefer than vaginal hysterectomy

Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy

Cervical Tumor/ Cancer

A disease in which the cells of the cervix become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. Third most common cancer of the female reproductive tract

Risk factors
Multiple sex partner Smoking Some hormonal contraception diethylstilbestrol (DES) A family history of cervical cancer Lack of regular Pap tests

Symptoms
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods After sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic exam Menstrual periods that last longer and heavier than before Bleeding after menopause

Increased vaginal discharge Pelvic pain Pain during sexual intercourse

Diagnostic Exam
Pap smear Biopsy- endocervical curettage Cystoscopy Colposcopy CT scan, MRI

Treatment
Surgery
Hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy

Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Alternative and Complementary Therapies

VAGINAL CANCER
A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells in the vagina When found in early stages, it can often be cured

Causes
The cause of vaginal cancer is unknown Age and exposure to the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) before birth affect a womans risk of developing vaginal cancer.

Risk factor
Age 60 or older Exposed to DES while in the mothers womb Having (HPV) infection History of abnormal cells in the cervix or cervical cancer Very poor hygiene

Symptoms
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge not related to menstrual periods. Pain during sexual intercourse. Pain in the pelvic area. A lump in the vagina

Diagnostic Exams
Physical exam and history Pelvic exam- exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. Speculum is also use to visualize Pap smear Biopsy Colposcopy- lighted, magnifying instrument to check the vagina and cervix Surgery- vaginectomy- removal of the vagina Hysterectomy Radiation therapy Chemotherapy

REPRODUCTIVE CANCER in MALE

TESTICULAR CANCER PENILE CANCER

Testicular Cancer
Cancer that develops in the testicles Rare but usually occur between ages 15-35 No known etiology/ cause

Risk Factors
Cryptorchidism Inguinal hernia Mumps (orchitis) Sedentary lifestyle Hormones

SYMPTOMS
Lump Loss of sexual activity or interest Burning sensation Hydrocele Pain in the lower abdomen or groin Enlarged testicle (tumor) Blood in semen Fatigue

Diagnostic Exams

Treatment ORCHIECTOMY

Scrotum examinationpalpation scrotal ultrasound CT scans tumor markers- AFP alpha1 feto protein, Beta-HCG, and LDH Biopsy- inguinal orchiectomy

Surgical removal of one or both testes

Followed by

Adjuvant Treatment
Chemotherapy Radiotherapy CT

scans blood tests

Penile Cancer
growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the penis ETIOLOGY exact cause of penile cancer is unknown cancers may be related to chronic exposure to carcinogens associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Risk Factor
Person (HPV) infection Smoking phimosis treatment of psoriasis w/ UV light Age AIDS poor hygiene

Symptoms
Redness rashes a lump on the penis Penile lesions ulcerations from irritation allergic reactions Severe- penile papule

Diagnostic Exam
Penile Examination) CT scan Biopsy

Treatment
SURGERY Amputation (penectomy) - a partial or total removal of the penis, and possibly the associated lymph nodes RADIATION THERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY BIOLOGICAL THERAPY

CANCER OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

CANCER OF THE BLADDER More common in people older than 55 years of age Affects more men than in women.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Bladder tumors usually arise at the base of the bladder. Base of the bladder and involve the urethral orifice. Visible Painless hematuria most common symptom of bladder cancer. Pelvic or back pain may occur with metastasis.

DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS
Cystoscopy Exretory urography CT Ultrasonography Bimanual examination with the patient anesthetized Biopsies of the tumor and adjacent mucosa are the definitive diagnostic procedure.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Treatment of the bladder cancer depend on the grade of the tumor ( the degree of cellular differentiation), the stage of tumor growth ( the degree of local invasion and the presence or absence of metastasis), and the multicentricity ( having many centers) of the tumor. The patients age and physical, mental, and emotional status are considered when determining treatment modalities.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Transurethral resection or fulguration ( cauterization) Bladder-sparing surgery Cystectomy or radical cystectomy

INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPY
Photodynamic technique treatment of superficial bladder cancer

PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
BCG treatment of choice CHEMOTHERAPY
Methotrexate 5-flourouracil Vinblastine cisplatin

RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation of the tumor maybe perform preoperatively to reduce microextension of neoplasm and viability of tumor cells. It can reduce chances of recurrence of cancer. Used with in combination with surgery or control disease in patient within operable tumor.

Anatomy of the Urinary System

Function of the Urinary System

The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. Systems keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance . A type of waste, called urea, from the blood

Blood pressure regulation and the production of erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Parts of the Urinary System

Kidneys- a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells.
Ureters- narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.

Bladder- a triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. Sphincter muscles - circular muscles that help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.
Urethra- the tube that allows urine to pass outside the body.

Facts about urine:

Adults pass about a quart and a half of urine each day, depending on the fluids and foods consumed. The volume of urine formed at night is about half that formed in the daytime. Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi. The tissues of the bladder are isolated from urine and toxic substances by a coating that discourages bacteria from attaching and growing on the bladder wall.