Narration

MAHTAB ALI (7)

What is narration?

The art of reporting the words of a speaker is called

Narration.
There are two main ways of reporting the words of a
speaker.
Direct Speech
 Indirect Speech
Direct Speech : -

In this form, the actual words of the speaker are put in quotes “”.
Example :
Ali said,” I am very busy now.”
In the above example the Speaker i.e Ali is known as a Reporter,
said is known as Reporting verb and
 “I am very busy now.” is known as Reported Speech.
Indirect Speech : -

In this form, the actual words of the speaker are transformed and
said/written in a simple manner. The actual words spoken by a
person are slightly changed while conveying them to another
person.
Example :
 Ali said that he was very busy then.
Basic rules to convert a Direct Speech to
Indirect Speech

To change the reporting verb according to the reported speech.

To remove the inverted comma’s from the direct speech and
replace them with an appropriate conjunction.
To change the pronoun of reported speech accordingly.
 Change the adverbs of the Direct Speech.
Example :
Direct : Jameel said to me,” I shall go to the picture today.”
Indirect : Jameel told me that he would go to the picture that day.
Reporting verb said to is changed into told.
Inverted Commas are replaced by the conjunction that
Reported speech’s pronoun I is changed into He.
Reported speech’s verb shall go is changed into would go.
 As another change today is changed with the word that day.
Rules of change of verb or Tense : -

 Rule No.1 :
 If a reporting verb is given in Present or Future tense then there will
be no change in the verb or tense of Reported speech.
 Examples :
 Direct: The teacher says, “Usman performs on the stage”
 Indirect: The teacher says that Usman performs on the stage.
 Direct: The teacher will say, “Usman is performing on the stage”
 Indirect: The teacher will say that Usman is performing on the stage.
Rule no 2 :

Simple Present to Simple Past :

Examples :
Direct : He said, “The boy goes home.”
Indirect : He said that the boy went home.
Direct : “I am unwell”, she said.
 Indirect : She said that she was unwell.
Rule no. 3

Present Continuous to Past Continuous

Direct : Ali said, “I am reading a book.”
Indirect : Ali said that he was reading a book.
Direct : “I am playing the guitar”, she explained.
 Indirect : She explained that she was playing the guitar.
Rule no. 4

Present Perfect to Past Perfect

Direct : The girl said, “I have lost my pen.”
Indirect : The girl said that she had lost her pen.
Direct : He said, “She has finished her homework“.
 Indirect : He said that she had finished her homework.
Rule no 5 : -

Past Indefinite to Past Perfect

Direct : Mother said, “I bought a watch for you.”
Indirect : Mother said that she had bought a watch for him.
Direct : She said, “Ali arrived on Sunday.”
 Indirect : She said that Ali had arrived on Sunday.
Rule no. 6

Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous

Direct : Raju said, “I was repairing a car.”
Indirect : Raju said that he had been repairing a car.
Direct : “We were playing basketball”, they told me.
 Indirect : They told me that they had been playing basketball.
Rule no. 7

Future Tense (shall/will) to future in the Past (should/would)

Direct : The teacher said, “I shall give you notes.”
 Indirect : The teacher said that he would give them notes.
 Direct : They said, “ They will come.”
 Indirect : They said that they would come.
Rule no 8

Past Perfect Tense : No Change

Direct : She said, “I had gone to Karachi.”
 Indirect : She said that she had gone to Karachi.
 Direct : He said, “He had reached at the station.
 Indirect : He said that he had reached at the station
Rule no 9

Auxiliary Verbs (would, should, might, could, ought, must) — No Change

Direct: He said, “I would like to take milk.”
Indirect: He said that he would like to take milk.
Direct: The boy said, “The teacher could have solved it in no time.”
Indirect: The boy said that the teacher could have solved it in no time.
Direct: He said, “The boy must apologize to the teacher.”
 Indirect: He said that the boy must apologize to the teacher.
Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
Conversion – Interrogative Sentences :

No conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct speech begins with a question

(what/where/when) as the “question-word” itself acts as a joining clause.
Direct : “Where do you live?” asked the boy.
Indirect : The boy enquired where I lived
If a direct speech sentence begins with an auxiliary verb/helping verb, the
joining clause should be if or whether.
Direct : She said, ‘Will you come for the party’?
 Indirect : She asked whether I would go for the party.
Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
Conversion – Changes in Modals

Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Changes in Modals

Can becomes could
Will/shall becomes would
May becomes might
Must becomes had to /would have to
Direct : She said, ‘She can dance’.
Indirect: She said that she could dance.
Direct: She said, ‘I may buy a dress’.
 Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress.
There are modals that do not change – Could, Would, Should,
Might, Ought to
Example :
Direct: She said, ‘I should clean the house’
 Indirect: She said that she should clean the house.
Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
Conversion – Change of Time : -

Now becomes then

Here becomes there
Ago becomes before
Thus becomes so
Today becomes that day
Tomorrow becomes the next day
This becomes that
Yesterday becomes the day before
These become those
 Next week or month becomes following week/month.
 Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
Conversion – Request, Command, Wish,
Exclamation
Direct: She said to her ‘Please complete it’.
Indirect: She requested her to complete it.
Direct: Hamid said to Babar, ‘Sit down’.
Indirect: Hamid ordered Babar to sit down.
Direct : She said, “ You should work hard.”
Indirect : She advised me to work hard.
Direct : The teacher said, “Do not make noise in the class.”
 Indirect : The teacher forbade students to make noise in the class.
Thank you.