Introduction To Petroleum

Refining

introduction
Course clasification
 Origin of petroleum
 Classification of petroleum
 Chemical composition of petroleum
 Manufacturing processes and oil refinery
Distillation- Absorption- Solvent
extraction- thermal cracking-Thermal
refrming
 Natural gas processing
 References
 - The chemistry and technology of Petroleum 3rd
edition. (chapter1)
 - Petroleum Refining Technology (chapter2)
 - The Petroleum hand book
 PETROLEUM REFINING V.1: Crude Oil. Petroleum
Products. Process Flowsheets
Jean-Pierre Wauquie

 Mark Details
 150 …… Total
• 90 …………. Final
• 60 …………. Course work
• 25 ………. Midterm
• 10 ……….. Tutorial
• 15 ………. Activities and presentations
• 10 ………. Question bank
 Origin of petroleum

?What is meant by Petroleum

Pictures to heavy and light
crude oil
Refinery stocks
%WT ELEMENT

84-87 CARBON
11-14 HYDROGEN
0-3 SULFER
0-0.6 NITROGEN
Refinery stocks

%WT ELEMENT

83-87 CARBON
10-14 HYDROGEN
0.5-6 SULFER
0.1-2 NITROGEN
0.1-1.5 OXYGEN
LESS THAN 1000ppm METALS
:Inorganic Theory
 1- petroleum formed from acetylene
Alkali metals H2O
Ca CO3 CaC2 HC CH

Petroleum
1- Inorganic Theory:
 Acetylene is also considered as a basic material

H +/H2O
+ hydrocarbons petroleum
Fe3C Mn3C
 Objections on Inorganic Theory
 1- The carbides amount are not high enough to produce
this huge quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons.
 2- Geological and chemical methods have demonstrated
the presence of biological markers (Chlorophyll
prophyrins, animal and plant-type porphyrins, isoprene,
carotenes, steranes…)
 The presence of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur.
 4- The highly specific carbon structures of these
molecules could not be synthesized by inorganic
reactions.
They are clearly and uniquely derived from molecular
structures synthesized by living organisms
 Biogenic theory -2
Three separate development sages:
1- animal and vegetable deposits accumulate on the bottom of inland
seas (lagoon conditions) and are then decomposed by bacteria
Carbohydrates and bulk of protein converted to water soluble
materials and gases. Fats, waxes, and fat-soluble and stable materials remain, .
Organic matter subjected to decomposition undergoes an increase in fat content

Temp/press Temp/press Olefins

-2 R.Co2H CO2 + Bitumen
cracking Protopetroleum
(ROH) )H2O(
polymerization
3- Olefins polyolefins Naphthenes and parafins
Contact catalyst

Aromatics formed during cracking or by cyclization through condensation

reactions
Establishment of source bed
 1- water erode particles from rock to less strong current.

 Water contain dead organic matter (oil-generating

substance; marine algae, marine animals, terrestrial
sources,…)

 Pressure dimenish water content from 70 & 80% to 10%

 The characteristics of the petroleum found in different deposits

are related to the nature of the source material, as well as the
local conditions in the area where the petroleum was formed.
Establishment of source bed
 2- biochemical hydrogenation reaction:
 Splitting of CO2 from fatty acids and
reduction of sulfates.
 Oxygen content of organic material
decrease and chemical composition
oriented to petroleum.
Accumulation in sediments
 Reservoir rock
 Composition of oil changes because
many causes such as:
Filtration -- adsorption -- interaction with
elemental sulfur or sulfur containing
materials --
Crude Oil formation 
Hydrocarbon accumulation
:requires
 1- existence of reservoir rock to store
fluids

 2- cap to prevent their escape

 3- source bed in which oil and gas are

formed
:Reservoir rock conditions
 1- liquid holding capacity (porosity)

 2- fluid transmitting capacity

(permeability)

Cap rock have far lower permeability than

reservoir rock
A Brief Video about petroleum
 Quiz
 1- What do you know about kerogen?