HYDRO POWER

The objective of a hydropower scheme is to

convert the potential energy of a mass of water,
flowing in a stream with a certain fall to the
turbine ( termed the "head"), into electric
energy at the lower end of the scheme, where
the powerhouses located. The power output
from the scheme is proportional to the flow and
to the head .
A
SIMPLE
OVER
VIEW
Hydro Electric P o w e r
 POWER HOUSE
PENSTOCK
R
RESEVOI

DAM TURBINE GENERATOR

INTAKE
POWER LINE

TRANSFORMER
 GENERAL ARRANGENENT
OF HYDROPOWER PROJECT
i. General available topography of the area
ii. Available head
iii. Available flow
iv. Availability of other type of power station
in the vicinity
v. Requirements of power for industries
vi.Political influences of the area
vii.Location of the power house
viii.economy
Parts
FIRST ELEMENT :-

DAMS
The movement of water can be used to make electricity.
Energy from water is created by the force of water
moving from a higher elevation to a lower elevation
through a large pipe (penstock). When the water reaches
the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or
turbine. The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which
then turns the generator, making electricity.
 Spill ways

A dam failure can have sever effects downstream of

the dam.During the lifetime of a dam different flow
conditions will be experienced and a dam must be
able to safely accommodate high floods that can
exceed normal flow conditions in the river. For this
reason,carefully passages are corporated in the dams
as part of structure. These passages are known as
spillways.
2nd ELEMENT:-

INTAKE
 INTAKE:-

A water intake must be able to divert the required

amount of water in to a power canal or into a
penstock without producing a negative impact on
the local environment.
3rd
ELEMENT:-
PENSTOCK
PENSTOCK
 c o n v e y i n g water from the intake to power
house.
 concrete in low heads
 steel iis suitable for all heads
 Penstock has:
Automatic butterfly valve
shuts off water flow if pen stock ruptures
Air valve
 internal pressure = atm pressure
Surge Tank
 reducing water hammering in pipes which
cause damage to pipes.
 thereby regulating water flow of
pressure inside the penstock.
TRASH RACK
 cleaning machine, which removes debris from water
 In order to save water ways and electromechanical
equipment from any damage.
 Set steel bars on edge to the flow of water and
space about 1“ apart
 A head gate or valve should be installed below the
trash rack to control flow and to allow the turbine to be
inspected and repaired.
TRASH RACK
4th ELEMENT

TURBINES
its function is to convert the K.E of moving water
into mechanical energy.
The water strikes and turns the large blades of a
turbine, which is attached to a generator above it by
way of a shaft.
 WICKETS GATE
k e y component in hydroelectric
turbines that control the flow of
water from the input pipes (
Penstock) to the turbine
propellers/blades.
5TH ELEMENT
GENERATOR
 BASIC
PRINCIPAL
 Heart of the hydroelectric .

 The basic process is to rotate a series of gaint magnets

inside coils of wire. This process moves electrons, which
produces electrical current.
INSIDE THE
GENERATOR:-
• 1. Shaft

2. Excitor

3. Rotor

4. Stator
 Control Gate

Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the

penstock to the turbine. The amount of water which is
to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a
control gate. When the control gate is fully opened,
maximum amount of water is released through the
penstock.
Principle

• As the turbine turns, the excitor sends an

electrical current to the rotor. The rotor is a
series of large electromagnets that spins
inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire,
calledthe stator. The magnetic field
between the coil and the magnets creates
an electric current.
Surge Tank:
Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium head power plants
when considerably long penstock is required. A surge tank is a small
reservoir or tank which is open at the top. It is fitted between the reservoir
and the power house. The water level in the surge tank rises or falls to
reduce the pressure swings in the penstock. When there is sudden
reduction in load on the turbine, the governor closes the gates of the turbine
to reduce the water flow. This causes pressure to increase abnormally in the
penstock. This is prevented by using a surge tank, in which the water level
rises to reduce the pressure. On the other hand, the surge tank provides
excess water needed when the gates are suddenly opened to meet the
increased load demand.
6TH ELEMENT:-

TRANSFORMERS
transformer
• Its function is to step up the voltage and
pass it out to the electrical grid or
power house
7TH ELEMENT
OUTFLOW / TAILRACE:-
 A f t e r passing through the turbine the water
returns to the river trough a short canal called a tailrace.
8TH ELEMENT
POWER HOUSE:-
POWER HOUSE AND EQUIPMENTS:-

In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to

protect the electromechanical equipment that convert the
potential energy of water into electricity.Following are the
equipments of power plant:

1.Valve 5.Condensor
2.Turbine 6.Protection System
3.Generator 7.DC emergency Supply
4.Control System 8.Power and
current transformer
Head gate
• Controlling the water
flowing into the channel.
 PART-3
TYPES OF POWER PLANTS
Classification of Hydel
Plants
• Classification of Hydro plants based
on Hydraulic Characteristics.
• On the basis of this
character istics, the hydr o plants may be
divided into the following types.
• Storage plants
• Run-off river plants
• Pumped storage plants
• Tidal plants
LOW MEDIU HIGH
HEAD M HEAD
HEAD
 HEAD
• The head is the vertical distance from the
surface of the water at the dam down to
the water in the stream below where the
turbine is located
 Low Head S c he
me
• A low head scheme is one which uses
water head of less than 15 m or so. A
runoff river plant is essentially a low head
scheme. In this Scheme, a weir or a
barrage is constructed to raise the water
level , and the power house is constructed
either in continuation with the barrage or
at some distance downstream of the
barrage, where water is taken to the
power house through an intake canal.
Medium head
hydroelectric power
plants
• Water head is more than 30 meters but
less than 300 meters
• located in the mountainous regions where
the rivers flows at high heights
• large reservoir of water
Medium head
hydroelectric power
plants
High head hydroelectric power
plants

• 300 meters and it can extend even up to 1000 meters

• most commonly constructed hydroelectric power plants
• Water is mainly stored during the rainy seasons and it
can be used throughout the year , thus it can generate
electricity throughout the year
• very important in the national grid because they can be
adjusted easily to produce the power as per the required
loads.
• total height of the dam depends upon a number of
factors like quantity of available water, power to be
generated, surrounding areas, natural ecosystem etc.
High head
hydroelectric
power plants
High head
hydroelectric
power plants
 PART-4
ONTHER THREE
POWER PLANT
 Run-off River Plants
• Runoff river plants are those which utilizes
the minimum flow in a river having no
appreciable pondage on its upstream side.
A weir or a barrage is some times
constructed across a river simply to raise
and maintain the water level at a pre-
determined level within narrow limits of
fluctuations, either solely for the power
plants or for some other purpose where
the power plant may be incidental. Such a
scheme is essentially a low head scheme
and may be suitable only on a perennial
Run-off River Plants
 P umpe d S to ra g e P la nts
• A pumped storage plant generates power
during peak hours, but during the off-peak
hours, water is pumped back from the tail
water pool to the head water pool for
future use. The pumps are run by some
secondary power from some other plants
in the system. The plants is thus primarily
meant for assisting an existing thermal
plant or some hydel plant.
P umpe d S to ra g e P la nts
 Tidal Plants
• Tidal plants for generation of hydro electric power are
the recent and modern advancements and essentially
works on the principle that there is a rise in a sea water
during high tide period and a fall during the low tide
period. The water rises and falls during the day. The
advantage of this rise and fall is taken in a tidal plant. In
other words the difference between high and low tide
level is utilized to generate power. This is accomplished
by constructing a basin separated from the ocean by a
partition wall and installing turbines in openings through
this wall. Water passes from the ocean to the basin
drainage high tides, and thus running the turbines and
generating electric power. During low tide, the water
from the basin run back to the ocean which can again be
utilized to generate electric power for either direction.
Such a plants are useful where the tidal range is high.
Tidal Plants
Tidal Plants
THE RANCE
TIDAL
POWER
PLANT

IN FRANCE
Tidal Plants
 PART-5
IN WORLD & INDIA
HYDROPOWER PLANTS
WORLD’S LARGEST HYDRO
POWER PLANT

THREE GORGES DAM

IN
CHINA
WORLD’S LARGEST HYDRO
POWER PLANT
CAPACITY-22,500 MW

THREE GORGES
DAM
INDIA’S LARGEST HYDRO
POWER PLANT
TEHRI DAM
IN
UTTARAKHA
ND
INDIA’S LARGEST HYDRO
POWER PLANT

CAPACITY-2400 MW

TEHRI DAM
IN GUJARAT HYDRO POWER
STATION

SARDAR SAROVAR DAM

SARDAR SAROVAR DAM
SARDAR SAROVAR DAM
Power at a Glance (Dec . 2019)
Fuel MW % of Total

Total Thermal 2,30,701 62.8%

Coal 1,98,495 54.2%

Lignite
6,760 1.7%
Gas 24,937 6.9%
Diesel 510 0.1%

Hydro (Renewable) 45,399 12.4%

Nuclear 6,780 1.9%

RES* (MNRE) 84,400 23.1%

Total 367,281
How energy is generated in Hydroelectric Power Plant?
· Which is the largest Hydropower station in the world?
· How does cost of generation from Hydropower Plant compare with other
sources of electricity?
· Why hydropower is called renewable source of energy?
· Which is the oldest Hydropower Plant in India?
· What is the estimated total Hydropower potential of India?
· How much of the total Hydropower potential has been exploited so far in
India?
· What are the different types of dams?
· Why the unit sizes of hydro generating machines are not standardized as in
case of thermal power plants?
· What is the record completion period of a Hydro Power Station in India of
more than 100 MW?
· Which Hydro Station has been completed recently which has the lowest tariff
rate?
· What are the different types of Hydro Schemes?
· Which is the largest Operating Hydro Power Station in the World?
· What are the major reasons for balancing Hydro-thermal mix?
· Why Hydropower stations are preferred solution for meeting peak loads in
grids?
· What are the major thrust areas in the field of Environmental Conservation
& Management for developing hydropower?