AGENCY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT

OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
(ADEM)

QUALITY ASSURANCE IN
SCHOOLS

2020/2021
DR ALPHONCE AMURI
11/14/2023
&Sospeter, MKAMA.
Quality assurance in schools 1
 DSQA 2020/2021

MODULE NAME: QUALITY

ASSURANCE IN SCHOOLS
COURSE FACILITATORS:DR
ALPHONCE AMULI, & Mwita
Sospeter

11/14/2023 2
 Course Contents/Course Outline
S/N Topic Enabling themes
1 Quality Assurance in Schools
Explain quality assurance in schools

Analyse principles of quality assurance

Discuss significance of quality

assurance in schools

2 Aspects of Quality Assurance in Schools

Explain aspects of quality assurance in

schools

3 Quality Assurance System in Schools

Describe quality assurance system in

schools

Explain role and responsibilities of

quality assures in schools

11/14/2023 3
 MODE of ASSESSMENT

Number of lectures: 03
Tutorial: 01
Two tests @15marks
Individual assignment 10marks
Group assignment 10marks
End of semester examination 50Marks

11/14/2023 QAS 4
 Module Policies
Attendance not less than 75%
early departure = total absence.
any student late more than 10’ won’t be
allowed to enter the class.
Late submission of exam/assignment = total
loss of marks
Missing exam without approval =
abscondment.
 Switch off your phone during lecturers and
seminars. Dress professionally

11/14/2023 5
 Activity one
Why are you here right now at this time?
What criteria did you use to choose your
spouse if you have the family?
What is beauty?
 Is everything beauty?
What are the terms associated to beauty?
What are the terms associated to quality?
Elaborate at least five terms of your
association with examples from education
sector.
11/14/2023 6
 Topic one

Quality Assurance in Schools

11/14/2023 Quality assurance in schools 7

 Introduction
The topic of Quality Assurance (QA)
has always been of utmost importance
in all aspects of life like how every man
in the sphere wishes of having beauty
man (spouse).
Originally\] quality assurance is rooted
from business, where businessmen
struggles in providing quality products
to their customers (consumers).
11/14/2023 Quality Assurance in schools 8
 Cont…
but now also in education and other
public services sectors QA is of
worthy.
Quality remains the most important
attribute that creates value about the
product/service for the receivers.
It is also the means by which service
providers differentiate themselves from
their competitors.
11/14/2023 9
 Cont…
This is what now days is experienced
in Tanzania where private schools
seems outperformed public schools in
the education services provision
Though still publics had larger
number of customers equivalent to
private ones.

11/14/2023 10
 Cont…
It should be envisaged that quality
assurance in school and relevant
strategies in the provision of education
services would help educational
institutions in creating higher
standards of quality in education.
Thus, several school quality assurance
will help in ensuring the provision of
quality education services.
11/14/2023 11
 What is quality?

11/14/2023 12
 What do you see in this picture?

11/14/2023 13
 Cont…

11/14/2023 14
 What is Quality?
 What are the terms associated with
quality?
Briefly explain each terms as applied in
quality assurance in education.

11/14/2023 15
 Conceptualization of the term
Quality
The term originates from Greek verb
“qualitas”, which literally means the
distinguishing characteristics of a
thing.
Quality is subjective because it has
some personal view, unless
measurement indicators are in place.
There has been no universally
acceptable description of quality.
11/14/2023 16
 Cont…

People tend to compare their

spouses thought the beauty or
standard of beautiful are upon the
beauty itself,
However, the standards may be
built by investing on its creation.

11/14/2023 17
 Cont…
This implies that if you want your
spouse to be of standard invest on
him/her.
by assuring all basic needs and wants
to him/her.
This is in vain to the contention put
forward by Aristotle that “Any kind of
excellence renders that of what it is
the excellence good and makes it
perform its function well.”
11/14/2023 18
 Cont…
ISO (2000) defined quality as the
degree to which the sets of inherent
characteristics fulfills the requirements.
 It also the standard of something when
it is compared to other things like it;
how good or bad something is.
For example, quality house, chairs,
tables, classroom, graduates etc.
11/14/2023 19
 Cont…
It is obvious that people can
compare teachers in school “A”
with school “B” where they
comparison might be based on the
distinguishing traits.

11/14/2023 20
 Terms related to quality
The term quality relate with the following:
Standard
Assurance
Control
Conformance, acceptance,
Efficiency
Effectiveness
Equity
Equality
 Activity
What is standards?
Which organ in Tanzania is
responsible for standards setting of
the products.
Who setts standards of education in
TZ.?
Qn. What is the standard of
education in our schools?

11/14/2023 22
 What is standard?
Standard originates from the industrial
sector where products should meet a certain
quality.
The standard is set by a certain authority or
consumers.
Authorities setting standards include: ISO &
TBS
Standard is driven by the market survival,
competition, shareholders and the
customers.
 … standard
This is a level of quality or achievement,
especially one that people generally consider
normal or acceptable.
There are set of rules, measurements and
criteria to determine standard.
Standard reflect what is generally accepted
as a correct product or service.
 COMPARE THESE PICTURES
PICTURE A
PICTURE B

11/14/2023 25
 Equality and equity in education

11/14/2023 26
 What is quality education?
Quality education refers to significant
changes in the educational system.
Itself, in the nature of its inputs
(students, teachers, facilities,
equipment, and supplies);
 processes, its objectives, curriculum
and educational technologies; and its
socioeconomic, cultural and political
environment.
11/14/2023 27
 Cont..
Pertaining to Aristotle point of view
quality education can be defined as how
you know what are the distinguishing
features of quality education and its
existence.
Quality of education as customarily
defined and judged by student learning
achievements, in terms of traditional
curriculum and standards.
11/14/2023 28
 What is Quality Assurance
Historical when stakeholders embark
in ensuring quality of education
provision they formal starts with
inspection.
School inspection is of more quality
control (QC) and reactive by nature as
it focuses on indentifying the weakness,
non-compliance.

11/14/2023 29
 What is Quality control
Wadsworth et al. (2002) maintain
that QC is basically an after-the-event
process concerned with detecting and
rejecting defective items.
It is as if the inspectors are attention
waiting for mistake commit for them
to go for quality control.

11/14/2023 30
 What is quality assurance?
UNESCO (2018) defined QA as the
system of activities which assures that
the overall quality control is done
effectively.
It is the proactive approach which
attempts to identify problems and deal
with them immediately, or even better
prevent them from occurrence at all
(Doherty, 2012).
11/14/2023 31
 Cont…
It is a before and during-the-event
process.
Here the focus is prevention of defects
rather than just detecting them.
Stephens (2003) argues that it is a
process of evaluating the extent to
which the institution is delivering on its
promises. s
11/14/2023 32
 Quality assurance process
quality Assurance (QA) activities
include a planned system of
review procedures conducted by
personnel not directly involved in
the inventory
compilation/development process.

11/14/2023 33
 Cont….

The quality assurance process may be of

cyclic in nature encompasses planning, do,
study and act.
Just look at the figure below.

11/14/2023 34
 QA process
Plan

Act
PDS Do
A

Stud
y
11/14/2023 35
 Cont…
Plan = a change or a test
aimed at improvement quality
in education delivery.
The school quality assurers
need to plan quality assurance
process before actual process
carried out.
11/14/2023 36
 Cont…
Do = carry out the change or the test i.e the
actual quality assurance process of visiting
school (preferably on a small scale);
Study = what did we learn? What went
wrong?
Act = adopt the change, or abandon it, or
run the cycle again.

11/14/2023 37
 Cont…
 Here teachers need to adopt the observed
strengths and abandon the noticed
weakness upon advised provided by the
quality assurers.

11/14/2023 38
 Different between QA & QC
S/N QC QA
1
Product oriented Process oriented
2
Reactive in nature Proactive in nature
3
Defective in nature Prevent the
occurrence of the
defects
4
Inspection focused Selection of the
tools and review
the training
5
11/14/2023 39
 What is quality assurance in schools?
Quality Assurance in school: is the processes
utilised to ensure that the learning
environment (including teaching and
learning) reaches an acceptable and
recommended standards.
 Refers to efforts done to improve internal
environment and processes to achieve the
goals.
 The process of ensuring education services
satisfy the needs of stakeholders and
accountable to the public.
11/14/2023 40
 Cont…
Quality assurance in schools extends to the
anyone involved to education provision,
At schools these includes, students,
teachers, parents and other external
stakeholders responsible for school quality
assurance.
Basically the quality assurance in school
focus on inputs, process and
outputs.
11/14/2023 41
 ACTIVITY/INDIVIDUAL
ASSIGNEMNT
As the school quality assurer of Bagamoyo
district prepare a two days schools visiting,
as the team leader write the report of the
visiting made entailing the following,
Planning,
Do
Study
Act

11/14/2023 42
 Group assignment
1. With practical example explain the
background of quality education in
TANZANIA.
2. Discuss critically both qualitative and quantitative
indicators of quality education in tz.
3. Identify and elaborate principles of quality
assurance in schools.
4. Discuss clearly aspect of quality assurance in
schools.
6. Describe quality assurance system in schools.
7.Explain role and responsibilities of quality assures in
schools.
11/14/2023 43
 Cont…
8. Clearly identify and elaborate the domain
for consideration when conducting school
quality assurance in Tanzania.
9.Identify steps of setting quality assurance
system in Schools.
10. Read and summarise the main ideas
drawn from the new quality assurance
framework of 2018 in not more than five
pages excluding the preliminary and
references pages.
11/14/2023 44
 Cont…

Group NO. 5. What is the maximum and minimum

requirements standard of a school in Tanzania?

TPR BPR Classes size Desk ratio Chairs ratio

MAX
MIN
Level Teachers S.S Diploma level Source
primary school
Required
Minimum
level
11/14/2023 45
 Activity
Discuss the significant of SQA
What are the necessary skills of a good
school quality assurer?
 Significant of QA IN SCHOOLS
School quality assurance is carried out
every year by the school quality assurers as
per their schedule.
It is importance for the quality assurers to
visit schools severally as it of significant.
The aims are to inspect a school’s
performance, updating the school report,
Quality Assurance system and the general
improving the functioning of the school.
11/14/2023 47
 CONT…
Analysing potential risks that may threaten the
school from achieving it desired goals.
It also, enable the school quality assurers to
produce a comprehensive report every year.
through that report the quality assurance
department do advised the ministry of
education on areas for improvement in the
provision of education.

11/14/2023 48
 Cont…
Basically literature establish three core
significant of quality assurance in
education sector.
these are, helps for Certification and
accreditation, i.e.
 checking whether object characteristics
conform to formally established norms and
standards.
11/14/2023 49
 Cont…
 Quality assurance is what enables the
school to be accredited upon conforming
to the established norms and standards that
guides the provision of education as the
services.
Transparency and accountability:
quality is made available for inspection to
other units and/or the society at large.

11/14/2023 50
 Cont…
Generally, it ensure the quality of
academic services delivered to the society
(teaching, quality curriculum, quality
teachers and infrastructures).

11/14/2023 51
 Key Skills for SQA
• Supporting, encouraging teams to work together

with openness and trust.

• Gathering, analyzing and recording evidence.
• Interpreting evidence and making judgments.
• Communicating judgments orally and in writing.
• Following the Code of Conduct at all times.
 GROUP ONE & TWO
QUESTION I
QUESTION TWO

11/14/2023 53
 The background of quality education
in Tanzania
Education systems throughout the world
are faced with the challenge of providing
quality education for all children, young
people and adults.
The effort to provide quality education
across the world can be traced back from
international conference on education of
1948 held in New York.

11/14/2023 54
 Cont…
The conference put forward that it is an
overall principles that education is the
fundamental human right to every child
eligible for schooling and the society.
In order to realise this right, the
international EFA movement has worked
to make quality basic education available
to all learners.
The EFA Declaration agreed in Jomtien
(1990) sets out an overall vision.
11/14/2023 55
 Cont…
Tanzania’s commitment to EFA targets is
reflected in its being a signatory to the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of
the Child,
One of which is access to quality basic
education.
Since independence and specifically in 1967,
Tanzania has been making efforts to
implement quality education based on the
Philosophy of ‘Education for Self Reliance.
11/14/2023 56
 Cont…
 This was the initiative of alleviating colonial
legacy sense of education that was much based
on segregation.
 The philosophy is rooted from the Arusha
declaration.
 The philosophy aimed at providing quality
education to it is people,
 That is complete by itself,
 Education that could produces full educated
individual with full competent, declaration.
11/14/2023 57
 Cont..
independent and creative mind based on
the national policies and priorities
postulated during the Arusha declaration.
It is better to understand that the
attainment of quality education is gritted
with many factors.
These includes,
• i). Education policies;
• relevance of curricula;
• teaching and learning materials,
11/14/2023 58
 Cont…
 Evaluation of learning outcomes,
 Availability of qualified and competent
teachers,
 continuous professional development for
teachers,
 quality of teaching and learning process,
 mastery of medium of instruction (Language);
 presence of all necessary school infrastructure;
and integration of technology in teaching
learning process.
11/14/2023 59
 Challenges faced quality education in
TZ
However, the state of physical
infrastructure has been in disrepair and
there are shortages of major supplies.
Many pupils learn in crowded,
poorly furnished classrooms and have to
share textbooks with 20 or more at a time.
Teachers are poorly paid and ill prepared
for the management and quality assurance
tasks that they are to perform.
11/14/2023 60
 CONT…
Persistent poverty and debt has limited
Government capacity to provide adequate
resources for education,
and households’ capacity to cope with
increasing demands to pay for schooling.
Another major challenge is HIV/AIDS,
which has significantly eroded human
capability and placed a large burden on
people, which in turn has exacerbated
impoverishment (URT, 1995).

11/14/2023 61
 Measures towards quality education in
TZ.
Along with this challenges number of
measures had been carried out in Tanzania
to attain objective of providing quality
education in Tanzania.
Since 1961 there have been a series of
reforms to address the problems that have
undermined quality education provision in
Tanzania.

11/14/2023 62
 Cont..
Several laws were enacted to regalise ESR
after the Arusha declaration.
These laws and steps included the education
Act of 1969 & 1978,
the decentralization programme of 1972, the
NECTA Act No. 21 of 1973,
and Universal primary education in 1974,
the Institute of Adult education Act. NO.12
of 1975 and
the Institute of education Act No. 13 of
1975.
11/14/2023 63
 Other reforms after ETP 1995
The Primary Education Development Plan
(PEDP) 2002-2006 seeks to counter this
challenge.
The first (PEDP) was introduced in 2001.
The programme still faced number of challenges
which hinder the attainment of delivery of
primary education of good quality.
This call for PEDP II (2007-2011) which it is
major focuses was to address the critical
challenges of the sub-sector with a focus of
strengthening linkages within the basic education
11/14/2023 64
 SEDP
A Secondary Education Development Plan
was developed in 2003, similar to PEDP
for primary education.
Implementation of SEDP led to significant
increases in secondary school enrolment.
Overall the objectives of SEDP I were to
improve access with equity, quality,
management and delivery of secondary
education in Tanzania.
However, faced with some challenges.
11/14/2023 65
 SEDP challenges
Poor performance in secondary education
examinations, with most students getting
marginal pass of Division IV or failing
completely.
Acute shortages of teachers, especially in the
sciences and mathematics, with many students
not able to do these subjects at all.
Uneven deployment of teachers in urban areas
have an advantage in recruiting more and better
teachers compared to rural Community Sec.
schools (CSS).
11/14/2023 66
 Cont.…
Recently the it has been reported the
dropping of quality education in TZ.
One of the claim being given to School
inspectorate department of not committed
to its roles effectively.
To overcome this challenge, the
Government of Tanzania is committed to
provide quality education as reflected in
the Education Training Policy (ETP) 2014,

11/14/2023 67
 Cont..
Education Sector Development Programme
(ESDP) 2016-2021,
as well as the Second Five Year Development
Plan (FYDP II) 2016-21,
which focuses on Nurturing Industrialization
for Economic Transformation and Human
Development.
In this respect, it is imperative to have a
functional quality assurance system,
which will monitor School Quality Assurance
(SQA) matters at all levels of education.
11/14/2023 68
 Activity

What are the qualitative and quantitative

indicators of quality education TZ.

11/14/2023 69
 Indicators of quality education
Conforming to Jomtien conference the
quality of education provided to customers
need to conform to learners needs
i.e what is learned,
how is learned and
by what means is delivered to learners.
Given the diversity understanding and
interpretation of what quality basically
inputs, process, product, outcome and
feedback.
11/14/2023 70
 CONT…
Figure 1. 1. Indicators of quality education

• Inputs
proces Outco
• good
(stude
nts, • operational service me
fiscal , • informatio •competent
and pedagogica graduate
human l methods,
n •customers satisfied
resour • performan with the services.
ces) supervision
ce
inputs , QA output

Feedback from the environment

11/14/2023 71
 Quantitative Indicators
These are associated with measurable quantity
or amount
usually expressed in numerical values upon
which the meaning is given on it in term of
numbers.
Here we escaped to see the number of students
enrolled into schooling,
number of teachers employed,
 number of graduate in each level of education.
For example how many students have
completed primary school?
11/14/2023 72
 Cont..
Input also includes the human,
financial and physical resources involved in
supporting institutional programmes,
activities and services.
The quality of physical resources is vital in
determining the quality of services provided
to the clients (students at school level).
The availability of library, books, teaching
facilities are worthy for ensuring the quality
of teaching and learning.

11/14/2023 73
 Qualitative indicators
Qualitative indicators are associated with
observation based descriptions,
Rather than an exact numerical
measurement or value (Chalmers, 2008).
 The policies and processes for assessing
student learning,
 the experience of a learning community, or
the content of a mission statement.
 Outcome and process indicators lie within
the classification of qualitative measures
11/14/2023 74
 Cont…
 Performance management and
 professional development of staff,
 quality of curriculum and
 the assessment of student learning,
 Quality services and technology.

11/14/2023 75
 Cont..
Other scholars went far and identified that
Some examples of indicators are:
 learner satisfaction with the courses
offered;
 the percentage of learner drop out;
 employer satisfaction regarding the skills
of learners;
 learner achievement rates;
 employers’ opinions on the quality of the
course material used and the percentage of
qualified teachers (Visscher, 2009).
11/14/2023 76
 Activity
What is principles?
What are the principles of quality
assurance in schools

11/14/2023 77
 What is principles?
The term principle refer to the law/ rules or
theory that govern how something should
be done based on it i.e based on the
standard.
The Principles and Guidelines are also
intended to provide harmonious for quality
assurance across the country.
Thus, the education quality assurance units
are urged for assuring the provision of
quality education in Tanzania that abide to
principles sets.
11/14/2023 78
 Cont..
 the sets principles cut across to,
The governance and management,
learning environment
institutionalization of quality assurance
structures,
policy and procedures for quality assurance,
student support services,
students with special needs,
programme development,

11/14/2023 79
 Cont…
Curriculum implementation and review ,
criteria for admission of students,
granting of qualifications awards,
quality of staff and management of
information.

11/14/2023 80
 The governance and management of
education
Schools shall be governed and managed by
bodies established under the Education Act.
 Sub (33) Subject to section 32, the
management of all national schools.
shall be in accordance with the directions of the
Commissioner.
There shall be HoS/Principle, these shall be
assisted by the bodies established eg.

11/14/2023 81
 Cont…
School Board'' means a board established
under section 38 of this Act for the purposes
of supervising and advising on the
management of a post primary school;
School Committee'' means a Committee
established under section 39 of this Act for the
purposes of supervising and advising on the
management of primary school;
NB. Sub(14). No school shall be established
except with the written approval of the
Commissioner.''
11/14/2023 82
 Cont..
Sub(33)(1) There shall be established for
and every region, district, municipality and
township an Education and Training Board
Responsible of Education management of
all levels of education and training.

11/14/2023 83
 Learning Environment
Principle
The government and education
stakeholders shall assure an environment
conducive to learning.
Guidelines
 Consideration shall be given to locate
school within environments that are
conducive to learning environments, which
may include adequate space and facilities,
students support and recreational facilities.
11/14/2023 84
 Cont..
 The government and education stakeholder
shall assure schools with adequate
resources including infrastructure,
laboratory facilities, etc. that are relevant
to the programmes on offer.

11/14/2023 85
 Topic two

11/14/2023 86
 Key areas for QA in schools

improving QAS
transparency
& Improved T/L
accountability
Improved
outcome

Strengthening
community Improving
engagement Resources

11/14/2023 87
 Topic three
Activity
What is system?
What is quality assurance system in education?
What is quality assurance in school, how can
you set Quality Assurance System in Schools?
With examples describe school quality
assurance system from national level.
Explain role and responsibilities of quality
assures in schools.
11/14/2023 88
 Cont …
Quality Assurance Systems (QASs): this
term refers to systems that have been
designed and built to support the
collection, processing and presentation of
data relating to institutional quality.

11/14/2023 89
 Cont..
A quality assurance system as the
“blueprint” or framework by which an
organization like school applies sufficient
quality control (QC) and quality assurance
(QA) practices to ensure that the results of
its service provided meet or exceed
expectations of the customers.

11/14/2023 90
 Characteristic of QAS
In order to establish an effective Quality
Management System, the following
characteristics are required:
1. Leadership, adopting a quality policy,
instilling a culture that values quality,
involving all levels of management in
quality initiatives,

11/14/2023 91
 Cont..

2. Design quality and prevention developing

products and services that meet customer
expectations and reduce life cycle cost.
3. Strategic quality planning establishing a
vision for the future of where and what the
organization wants to be and developing a
plan to arrive at that destination.

11/14/2023 92
 Cont..
4. Focus on customer satisfaction clearly
identifying internal and external customer
requirements
5. Continuous improvement identifying key areas
for improvement, whether they are products and
services or processes.
For example, the school quality assurance system
may keep on improving the school environment,
by adding new classes, toilets, laboratories,
employing competent teachers, enrolling quality
learners, ect
11/14/2023 93
 Operational quality assurance system
in school
At the national level, the Quality
Assurance Division (QAD) shall be led by
the Director of SQA
and shall be assisted by Assistant Directors
for Primary, Secondary, Teacher education,
SQA Management Support section,
Subjects School Quality Assurance
Officers (SSQAOs) and the Technical
Staff.
11/14/2023 94
 Cont..
The Assistant Director for primary section
shall also be responsible for Pre-primary,
Primary, Special, Adult, and Non-formal
education.
In addition, there shall be subject
coordinators and the technical staff at the
national level.

11/14/2023 95
 Cont..
the SQAD will be responsible to quality
assure the administration, management and
delivery processes in education at all levels
of QAS including Regional, District and
Ward levels and make recommendations
for improvement.

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 Operational system in tz

Look at the in the

framework

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 QAs in school/colleges
Shall include tha HTs/HoS/principal
Teachers/tutors/
SMTs/ CMTs/
School committee/school boards/college
board
Parent teachers association
Internal School quality assurance team
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 What are the roles and responsibility
of SQAs
Ensuring that the policies and provisions
laid down in the Education Act, as well as
other policies and provisions of the DQSE
are adhered to in both the State and non-
State sector;
Promoting, supporting and monitoring
implementation of national policies

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 Cont…
providing advice, input, support and
monitoring in quality assurance
development, management and
implementation at Directorate, College,
school and other educational institution
level, in both the State and non-State
school sector;

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 Cont..
Conducting external reviews in schools to
look into the quality of learning and
teaching as well as the educational
leadership of a selected school, by
reviewing relevant documentation, class
observations, interviewing staff, learners
and parents and handing out and reviewing
questionnaires to the SMT, teachers and
parents.
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 Cont…
Assisting in the preparation of budgets and
business planning;
 Gathering, analysing, researching and
evaluating data and using it to plan and
manage services, projects and systems;
Evaluating and ensuring the quality and
standards of educational leadership and
management, teaching and learning and
school ethos in schools and Colleges and
writing of reports thereupon;
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 Questions for reflection
Discuss in details the roles and
responsibilities of key actors in school
quality assurance system in Tz.
To what extent the song being sang on the
transformation of the name of “school
inspection” to “school quality assurance”
as the organ responsible for assuring
quality education have changed the
education practices. In five points discuss
this statement.
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THANKS FOR YOUR
cooperation &
CONTRIBUTION

Celebrating for the End

of the Course 104