In the name

of
Allah
Database
Systems

Lecture -2
 An overview of
lecture - 1
• Database definitions
• Database history
• File processing systems
– Shortcomings
• Advantages of database approach
 What we are
going to study
next?
Lecture Overview
• More advantages of database
approach
• Disadvantages
• Data, its levels
• Database users
• Some common terms
Other Advantages
 Data consistency
 Better data security
 Improved data standards
They also provide
 Balancing of conflicting
requirements
 Faster development of new
applications
 Better data accessibility
They also provide
• Economy of scale
• Better control concurrency
• Better backup and recovery procedures
 BUT
Its not always just
the
SUGAR
Disadvantages
• Higher costs
• Conversion cost
• More difficult recovery
Summary of DB
Pros n Cons
• A very useful approach for data
processing Provide a
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© Virtual University of Pakistan

 Data As Resource
Resource
Any asset that is of
value to an organization
and that incurs cost
Data As Resource

Is Data
A Resource ? ? ?
 Levels of Data
• Real-world data
• Metadata
• Data Occurrence
Database Users
• Application Programmers
• End Users
– Naïve
– Sophisticated
Database Users
• Database Administrator (DBA)
A person who has central control over
data and programs that access this data
Functions of DBA
Schema definition
Granting data access
Functions of DBA
Routine Maintenance
Backups
Monitoring disk space
Monitoring jobs running
Data, Database, Data Model and DBMS

End users
Software interact

Application
Application Programs
develop
Programmers
“What” to get
Database
DBMS
maintain Administrators
“How” to get
Data
Database
design Designers
Database
Users
 LOOK
we are approaching
THE END
 Common Terms
• Data
• Information
• Database Management system
(DBMS)
 Common Terms
• Data: Facts concerning things, such as
people, objects, or events
 Common Terms
• Information: Data that have been processed
and presented in a form suitable for human
interpretation
 Data, Information and Knowledge
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Data Information Knowledge &

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 Common Terms
DBMS:
A software that handles all access to
the database
 Common Terms
DBMS:
A software that is responsible for applying
the authorisation checks and validation
procedures
Database
Systems

Lecture -2