BASAL GANGLIA

SMS 1084
Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan

OBJECTIVES
Define basal ganglia and describe the parts
Describe the main connections and functions Describe the function and the disorders of basal ganglia

such as Parkinsonism and tremors

Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia is a collection of gray matter in the cerebrum including

the corpus striatum, amygdala and claustrum. Has important connections with other regions of the brain, particularly: thalamus, subthalamic nuclei, red nucleus and substantia nigra Important in coordinating movement.

Lateral surface of basal ganglia

1. Putamen 2. Tail of caudate nucleus 3. Caudatolenticular gray bridge 4. Amygdaloid body 5. thalamus

Medial surface of basal ganglia

1. head of caudate nucelus 2. body of caudate nucelus

3. caudatolenticular gray bridge 4. putamen

5. tail of caudate nucleus 6. external segment of globus pallidus 7. internal segment of globus pallidus 8. amygdaloid body 9. nucleus accumbens septi

Basal Ganglia
BASAL GANGLIA
CORPUS STRIATUM

AMYGDALA

CLAUSTRUM

NEOSTRIATUM

PALEOSTRIATUM

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

PUTAMEN

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

Basal Ganglia Components Components of Basal Ganglia

Corpus Striatum
Striatum ----- Caudate Nucleus & Putamen Pallidum ----- Globus Pallidus (GP)

Substantia Nigra
Pars Compacta (SNc) Pars Reticulata (SNr)

Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum

Nucleus Accumbens Septi Non cholinergic portion of Substantia Innominata

Basal Ganglia Components

STRIATUM
Caudate Nucleus
Head, (Corpus), Tail caudatolenticular gray bridge

Putamen Ventral Striatum: Nucleus Accumbens (Septi)

Terminologies
Neurological structure Corpus striatum Amygdala Claustrum Neostriatum Paleostriatum Basal nuclei Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus Amygdaloid nucleus Claustrum Caudate nucleus + putamen Globus pallidus

Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus

Caudate nucleus Globus pallidus + putamen

Basal ganglia

Anterior horn

Posterior horn Amygdaloid nucleus

Inferior horn

Basal Ganglia Components Striosome and Matrix compartment

AchE

Components of Basal Ganglia

Putamen Globus pallidus external segment internal segment Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia nigra Internal capsule

Connections of the Basal Ganglia

Cerebral Cortex amygdaloid body raphe STRIATUM Thalamus STN SNc

Pallidum

SNr

habenular nucleus

tectum
(superior colliculus)

PPN
(pedunculopontine nucleus)

Connections

i/laminar thal

CN/

Connections of basal ganglia

Afferent Corticostriate Thalamostriate Nigrostriate Brainstem striatal fibres

Efferent Striatopallidal Striatonigral

Pallidofugal fibres
Ansa lenticularis Fasciculus lenticularis Pallidotegmental Pallidosubthalamic

Striatopallidal Subthalamic nucleus

Mostly end in neostriatum

except subthalamic N end in paleostriatum

Efferent fibres

Connections of basal ganglia

Afferent fibres Corticostriate-Glutamate

Caudate n
Striatonigral-GABA,Ach Striatopallidal-GABA

thalamostriate Striatopallidal-GABA Subthalamus-pallidal

Putamen Globus pallidus

Ansa lenticularis Fasciculus lenticularis Nigrostriate-dopa

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

pallidosubthalamic pallidotegmental Brainstem striatal-serotonin

Pallidofugal fibres

Basal ganglia
Globus pallidus

HORIZONTAL SECTION
ANTERIOR
Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus

Insula

Putamen
Claustrum

POSTERIOR

Basal ganglia

CORONAL SECTION
SUPERIOR

Caudate nucleus

Thalamus
Lentiform nucleus Claustrum

Amygdala

INFERIOR

Basal ganglia

CORONAL SECTION
SUPERIOR

Caudate nucleus

Tail of Caudate nucleus

Thalamus

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

INFERIOR

Basal ganglia

CORONAL SECTION
SUPERIOR

Thalamus
Red nucleus

Substantia nigra

INFERIOR

Corpus Striatum
Caudate nucleus
Putamen Globus pallidus lentiform nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus neostriatum Caudate nucleus Putamen paleostriatum Globus pallidus
Thalamus Caudate n

Horizontal section

ANT
Lateral ventricleAnt horn Putamen Globus pallidus

Third ventricle

Lateral ventriclePost horn

POST

Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum Amygdala (part of limbic system)
Caudate n

Horizontal section
ANT
Lateral ventricleAnt horn Putamen

Globus pallidus
Third ventricle Thalamus Lateral ventriclePost horn

POST

C-shaped Head, body,tail Large head,tapering curved tail Head-frontal lobe Tail-occipital lobe Caudate nucleus End of tail-temporal lobe
-terminates in amygdaloid nucleus (roof of inf horn of lateral ventricle)

Caudate nucleus

Caudate

thalamus

Lentiform Putamen Globus pallidus Amygdaloid

Lentiform nucleus
Putamen lateral medullary lamina Globus Pallidus Lat GP medial medullary lamina Med GP

thalamus Caudate

Lentiform Putamen Globus pallidus

Amygdaloid

Lentiform nucleus
Putamen Lateral medullary lamina

Globus pallidus Medial medullary lamina Lat GP Med GP

Lentiform nucleus
Wedge-shaped
Caudate n

Horizontal section
ANT
Lateral ventricleAnt horn Putamen

Internal capsule
External capsule Extreme capsule

Third ventricle Thalamus

Globus pallidus

Claustrum
Lateral and medial medullary lamina
POST
Lateral ventriclePost horn

Substantia nigra Subthalamic nuclei

Caudate n

Coronal section

Putamen Globus pallidus

Thalamus Subthalamic nuclei Substantia nigra

premotor
supplementary motor

1 1o sensory

4 Brainstem

Ansa lenticularis

Fasc lenticularis Pallidosubthalamic

Pallidotegmental

Function
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus
motor activity
muscle tone organisation of movement What type ? -cerebral cortex How to perform? -basal ganglia+cerebellum Assist in regulation-thalamus

Function
Part of extra-pyramidal motor system

Facilitate behaviour & movement required and appropriate

Inhibit unwanted & inappropriate

The balance between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia allows smooth, coordinated movement, and a disturbance in either system will show up as movement disorders.

EXCERCISE

Connections of basal gangliaafferent fibres

Match the connections -

A-Brainstem striatal fibres B-thalamostriate C-corticostriate D-subthalamic E-nigrostriate

EXCERCISE

Connections of basal gangliaefferent fibres

Match the connections -

A-pallidosubthalamic B-striatopallidal C-ansa lenticularis D-striatonigral