3RD SHIFT_NL
BASAL GANGLIA
- Regulation of movement
- Connectivity w/ cerebrum,
thalamus, spinal cord, brainstem
- No direct connections w/ spinal cord
- Collection of subcortical gray matter
(situated within each hemisphere)
 corpus striatum
 amygdaloid nucleus (anatomical)
 claustrum (anatomical)
closely related but should not be included:
(functional)
 subthalamic nuclei
 substantia nigra
 red nucleus
Gray matter  outermost layer/cortex
White matter  subcortical area
Basal ganglia  subcortical gray matter
ORGANIZATION
Striatum  caudate nucleus and putamen
Lentiform nucleus  Globus pallidus +
putamen
Amygdaloid nucleus  integral part of
limbic system
1. CORPUS STRIATUM
- Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus
(putamen + globus pallidus)
- Lateral to thalamus
- May mga pumapasok na fibers
(internal capsule)
- Almost completely divided by
internal capsule
- Strands of gray matter
- Where info is integrated
 Lentiform  most lateral (GP +
putamen)
 Caudate nucleus  head, body, tail
Internal capsule  separates lentiform
from caudate nucleus
2. Caudate nucleus
 green color
 large c-shaped
 will end in amygdaloid body
 head, body, tail
 head of caudate
- Lateral wall of anterior horn of
lateral ventricle
- continuous inferiorly with putamen
of lentiform nucleus (striatum)
- superior to that union (strands of
gray matter pass through internal
capsule = striated appearance
(corpus striatum) / union
 body of caudate nucleus
- long and narrow
- continuous with head sa
interventricular foramen
- floor of the body of lateral ventricle
 tail of caudate nucleus
- long and slender
- continuous with body sa posterior
end of thalamus
- terminates anteriorly in the
amygdaloid nucleus
LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
- wedge shaped
 globus pallidus (lighter) – white
matter ; myelinated
 putamen – continuous with head of
caudate nucleus ; larger
Putamen  outer part of lentiform (lateral)
External capsule  White matter outside
lentiform nucleus
Claustrum  gray matter lateral to external
capsule
- separates external capsule from
subcortical white matter of insula
(extreme capsule)
- unknown function
Internal capsule  medial to lentiform
nucleus
Extreme capsule  lateral to claustrum
AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS
- temporal lobe; close to uncus
- limbic system
- body’s response to environmental
changes
- heart rate, blood pressure, skin
color, rate of respiration
Substantia nigra (midbrain) & subthalamic
nuclei (diencephalon)
 not anatomically related but functionally
related to basal nuclei
 substantia nigra
- neurons are dopaminergic and
inhibitory
- many connections to corpus
striatum
 Subthalamic nuclei
- very small; cannot be seen by naked
eye
- glutaminergic and excitatory
- connections to globus pallidus and
substantia nigra
If may lesions/injury/connection 
movement problems
CONNECTIONS OF STRIATUM AND GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
Neostriatum
 caudate nucleus + putamen = afferent
(receiving input)
 globus pallidus (medial) = efferent
(output leaves basal nuclei)
AFFERENT FIBERS
1. Corticostriate fibers (glutamate)
 all parts of cerebral cortex send axons
 papasok sa basal ganglia
 papasok sa caudate nucleus + putamen
 each part of cerebral cortex projects to
specific part of caudate-putamen complex
(ipsilateral)
 largest input is from sensory-motor
 excitatory
2. Thalamostriate fibers
- Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus 
caudate-putamen
3. Nigrostriatal fibers (dopamine)
- From midbrain
- Substantia nigra  caudate-
putamen
- Liberate dopamine at terminals
- Inhibitory
-  pag nasira/kulang dopamine =
excessive movements
-  parkinsons disease
4. Brainstem striatal (serotonin)
- Ascending fibers from brainstem 
caudate-putamen
- Liberate serotonin
- Inhibitory

CORPUS STRIATUM EFFERENT FIBERS
 MAY PABALIK KUNG SAAN SILA GALING;
RECIPROCAL
GLOBUS PALLIDUS  only part ng corpus
striatum that gives efferent
 triangle
 GABA is inhibitory
1. Striatopallidal fibers (GABA)
- Caudate-putamen to globus pallidus
- Y-aminobutyric acid (gaba)
- Inhibitory
2. Striatonigral fibers
(GABA/ACh/SUBSTANCE P)
- pass directly from caudate-putamen
to substantia nigra
- di dinadaanan ang globus pallidus
- GABA or Ach, substance P
- should work in unison para exact
yung normal movement
AFFERENT FIBERS FOR GLOBUS PALLIDUS
 Striatopallidal fibers (GABA)
- Caudate nucleus-putamen to globus
pallidus
EFFERENT FIBERS FOR GLOBUS PALLIDUS
 Pallidofugal fibers
- Complicated
- Divided into groups
- 2 connections go to subthalamus
- From globus pallidus
 Ansa lenticularis (pass to thalamic
nuclei)
 Fasciculus lenticularis (pass to
subthalamus)
 Pallidotegmental (terminate in
caudal tegmentum of midbrain)
 Pallidosubthalamic (pass to
subthalamic nuclei)
FUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA
 info received from premotor,
supplemental areas of motor cortex,
primary sensory cortex, thalamus,
brainstem
 posture and movement
 amygdaloid and claustrum di kasama
functionally
 control muscular movements by
influencing cerebral cortex
 contralateral weakness (pag may
problem sa basal ganglia)
 driver para I command ang cerebral
cortex based sa natanggap na stimulus
(initiate)
 activated for precise movements
CLINICAL NOTES
HYPERKINETIC  excessive and abnormal
movements (chorea, athetosis, ballism)
HYPOKINETIC  lack, slowness of
movement
 Parkinsons  both hypo and
hyperkinetic
(hypo) Diffucty in moving, standing up
(hyper) tremor
Chorea  biglang mag jjerk (magssnap neck
sa isang side, pipitik kamay, or tataas
shoulder)
 involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular,
nonrepetitive
Huntington disease  genetic ; adult life
 affects men and women after children
 death occurs after 15 to 20 years
 defect on chromosome 4  encodes
huntingtin (protein)
 the codon (CAG encodes glutamine) is
repeated many times
 degeneration of inhibitory (GABA,
SUBSTANCE P, Ach) sa strionigral
 from striatum to midbrain (substantia
nigra)
 overactive dopamine
 nigrostriatal pathway inhibits caudate-
putamen
 when inhibition happens in caudate-
putamen = abnormal movements (chorea)
 Choreiform movements
 Progressive dementia
Sydenham chorea (St. Vitus’ dance)
 rapid, regular, involuntary (childhood)
 nagkakaroon ng competitive inhibition
 host’s antibodies combine and attack
system (rheumatic fever) ; streptococcal
bacteria
 happens to kids
 akala ng magulang they’re just dancing
 serpentine movements
 choreiform movements are transient =
full recovery
Hemiballismus
- Involuntary movement confined to
one side of the body
- Proximal extremity ; limb flies out of
control in all directions
- Stroke occurs in opposite
subthalamic nucleus or connections
(where smooth movements of body
are integrated)
Parkinson disease
 growing problem (BETWEEN 45 AND 55)
 neuronal degeneration in substantia
nigra, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate
nucleus
 dopamine will degenerate in midbrain
(substantia nigra)
 reduction of release of dopamine
(inhibitory)  hypersensitivity of dopamine
receptors in post synaptic neurons in corpus
striatum
 nawawala yung dark pigmented neurons
 left is normal ; right is ABN substantia
nigra
 needs PT and OT
 tremor of one hand is initial
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
 Tremor
- Alternating contraction of agonist
and antagonist
- Slow ; resting tremors
- Disappears during sleep
 Rigidity
- Resistance to passive moments
 Bradykinesis
- Initiating (akinesia) and performing
new movements is difficult
- Slow movement, expressionless
face, sluured and unmodulated
voice, no swinging or arms in
walking
 Postural disturbances
- Stoop, arms flexed
- Short steps + unable to stop
- Shuffling run to maintain balance
- No loss of power and sensibility
Usually stage 3 – PT d/t fractures