CEREBELLUM,

DIENCEPHALON &
BASAL NUCLEI

Asst. Prof.
A. Veli Ismailoglu
POSTERİOR CRANIAL FOSSA
• Infratentorial
• Tentorium= tent, ceiling

• Tentorium cerebelli
 SAGITTAL SECTION
Mec.
• The fourth ventricle cavity and
pons are adjacent to the
medulla anteriorly.

PONS

M.O
BRAIN STEM POSTERIOR
VIEW
Front of,
• pedunculus cerebelli superior,
• pedunculus cerebelli medius,
• pedunculus cerebelli inferior
With connects to the brain stem.
 Mesencephalon

Pons

Medulla
oblangata
• Right and left cerebellar
hemispheres
• Vermis
• Lobus anterior
• Fissura prima
• Lobus posterior
 POSTEROINFERIOR APPEARANCE

• Fissura posterolateralis
• Lobus flocculonodularis
• Lobus anterior
• Lobus posterior
• Lobus flocculonodularis
• Folia cerebelli

• Arbor vitae
• Arbor=tree
• Vita=life
• Neocerebellum
(cerebrocerebellum): cerebellar
hemispheres
• Related to extremity
muscles and fine motor
movements
• Center of high coordination
• Paleocerebellum
(spinocerebellum): vermis ve
paravermis
• Related to body and
proximal muscles
• Archiocerebellum (vestibulo-
cerebellum): lobus
flocculonodularis
• Related to head and neck
movements,vestibular
system
 CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
• Nucleus fastigii
• Nucleus globosus
• Nucleus emboliformis Nuc.interposed
• Nucleus dentatus (nucleus that come
over by basic efferent neurons)
CEREBELLUM AFFERENTS
• Corticopontocerebellar tract
• Cerebro-olivocerebellar tract
• Cerebroreticulocerebella tract
• Anterior posterior spinocerebella tract
• Cuneocerebelar tract
• Vestibulocerebellar tract
• …..
 CEREBELLAR CORTEX

Molecular • Basket cells

layer • Stellate cells
Purkinje layer • Purkinje cells

Granular • Golgi cells

layer • Granular cells
• Climbing fibers
• Tr.olivocerebellaris
• Mossy fibers
all other cerebellar tracts
• Purkinje cells are
basic efferent
neurons.
• The granular layer
cells protrude
towards the
molecular layer.
• Climbing and mossy
fibers excite
Purkinje cells.
• Other granular and
molecular cells are
inhibitory.
CLINICAL- CEREBBELLAR DYSFUNCTION​
• Static, dynamic postural disability
• Inability to perform movements properly (finger-nose test…)
• Kinetic tremor
• Problem with timing of movement
• Dysdiadochokinesia
• Nistagmus
• Dysarthria

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eBwn22Bnio

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hh1c1B18AqQ

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUlUVWQx7zI
BASAL GANGLIA

Derived from
Telencephalon
Control
Background tone
Posture for movement
Learning new motor behavior
Participates in autonomic
movements movements
 Basal Ganglia

Corpus
Amygdala
Striatum

Neostriatum Paleostriatum

Caudate Globus
Putamen
Nucleus Pallidus

Lentiform
Nuclues
BASAL GANGLIA

Corpus Striatum
• Neostriatum ANT
• Striatum---- Caudate Nucleus
Lateral Ventricle
&Putamen
Caudate N
• Paleostriatum Putamen
• Pallidum--- Globus Pallidus
Lentiform/ lenticular nucleus third ventricle Globus
Pallidus
• Putamen
• Globus pallidus
• Claustrum Thalamus
Lateral Ventricle

POST
http://www.slideshare.net/ananthatiger/anatomy-of-
basal-ganglia
Substantia Nigra
Pars Compacta (SNc)
Pars Reticulata (SNr)
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
Nucleus Accumbens Septi
 Fornix
Caudate
Nucleus Thalamus

Claustrum
Lentiform
Nucleus

Mamillary
Amygdala Body
CORPUS STRIATUM

It consists of three parts:

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Internal capsule
1. CAUDATE NUCLEUS

• C-shaped.
• Lateral ventricle
• Suprathalamic

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen Claustrum
LENTICULAR NUCLEUS

• It is medial to the internal capsule.​

• It is adjacent to the External Capsule in
the lateral part.​
• Claustrum
• Putamen
• Globus Pallidus
3. GLOBUS PALLIDUS

• It is medial to the putamen.

• It has two segments:
• External
• Internal
• They are pale in color.
 SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
• It is located in the
mesencephalon.
• It's related to motor movement.
• Black matter
• Neuromelanin (makes it look black)
• Dopamine neurons
• 2 parts
• Compact zone (pars compacta)
• Reticular zone (pars reticulata)
• Parkinson’s disease
• The risk of disease increases with
age.
Transverse Section Coronal Section
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
• It is under the thalamus.
• Above the substantia nigra.
• It is linked to:
• Globus Pallidus
• Substantia Nigra
• Glutaminergic neurons
• They are the only excitatory
neurons in the BG.
• All others are inhibitors.
CLAUSTRUM

• Gray matter
• It is between these two structures.
• Lentiform nucleus (LN)
• Insular cortex (IC) 2 white laminae
•
It has the following white matter on both
sides:
• External capsule
• Extreme capsule
• Its function is unknown.
 Basal Ganglia Circuit

Motor Direct Pathway Indirect Pathway

Neurons
Substantia Nigra

Motor and sensory areas of

cortex +Dopa -Dopa +Glu
+Glu

+Glu Corpus Striatum

-GABA -GABA
SNr
SNr
+
Thalamus +
External
Internal Pallidus
-GABA -GABA Pallidus

-GABA

Subthalamic
+Glu Nuclei
 PARKINSON CLINICAL FINDINGS

• Negative signs, which is the loss of a function

• Positive signs, which is the addition of new motor activities or responses
Negative Signs (loss motor function) Positive Signs (new motor function)

Akinesia = lack of movement when a limb is passively

Bradykinesia = slowness of movement
Masked facies = mask-like facial
expression, infrequent blinking, “reptilian
stare”
Dystonia = involuntary muscle
contractions (also a positive sign)
stretched
Cog-wheel rigidity = ratchet-like
resistance when a limb is passively
stretched
Atherosis = inability to maintain a fixed or
sustained posture
Dystonia = involuntary muscle
contractions
Chorea = involuntary arrhythmic
movements, forceful, rapid, and jerky.
Ballismus = violent flinging of the limbs
DYSTONIA: involuntary muscle
contractions CHOREA: = involuntary arrhythmic
movements
 ATHETOSIS: inability to maintain a fixed or
sustained posture
TREMOR
 HEMIBALLISMUS

Severe, twisting limb movement

SYDENHAM'S CHOREA

HYPOKINESIA
PARKINSONISM

• Parkinson's disease
• Hypokinetic disorder (decreased muscle
activity)
• Tremor
• Rigidity
• Bradykinesia = slowness of
movement
• DOPAMINE deficiency
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

• Huntington's disease
• Hyperkinetic disorder (increased muscle
activity)
• Rigidity
• Chorea = involuntary arrhythmic
movements, rapid and jerky
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA

• Movement disorder induced by

narcolepsy
• Narcolepsy is a sudden and
uncontrollable attack of deep sleep
• Dopamine transmission is affected,
leads to hypokinesia (decreased muscle
activity)
WILSON’S DISEASE

 Hepalenticular degeneration (remember

that the lenticular = Putamen and
Globus pallidus)
• Causes disorder of copper
metabolism
• Can see a copper-colored ring
surrounding the cornea (in the eye)
TOURETTE SYNDROME

 Hyperkinetic disorder (increased muscle

activity)
• Motor tics (brief jerks to complex
movements)
• Coprolalia (involuntary swearing)
• Excessive throat clearing
 Caudate Nucleus
Globus Pallidus

Lentiform Nucleus

Putamen

Claustrum
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Metathalamus
(lateral & medial geniculate
bodies)
 TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THALAMUS
Relations
• Anterior pole →
• head ofcaudate nucleus,
• columns of fornix
Head of
caudate
• Posterior pole → nucleus
• superior colliculus
Terminal Sulcus
3rd ventricle
• Lateral → body of
• caudate nucleus
Superior Colliculus

• Medial →
• 3rd ventricle

• Terminal Sulcus

• Thalamostriate vein &stria

terminalis
 TRANSVERSE SECTION OF
THALAMUS

• Lateral →
• Internal Capsule
• External Medullary Lamina Internal
• Internal Medullary Lamina Capsule

• Stratum Zonale
THALAMUS
 FUNCTIONS OF THALAMUS

• Sensory integration and relay station for

all the sensory pathways except
olfactory
• Recognition of crude pain, temperature
& touch
• Influences voluntary movements by
receiving impulses from basal ganglia &
cerebellum & relaying them to motor
cortex
• Role in emotions & recent memory
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS
Lesion: contralateral loss of pain/temp, discrim touch
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Mammillary Body
Premotor Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex

Cingulate Gyrus VA GP
Anterior SN
Cerebellum (Dentate)
VL Primary Motor Cortex (4)
Cingulate Supplementary Motor Cortex (5_
LD
Spinothalamic and LL/ML
Sensory Cortex (3,1,2)
DM
Superior Parietal Cortex
LP VPL VPM , Solitary Nucleus
(5,7)
Amygdala Sensory Cortex
Hypothalamus
Olfactory Cortex Lesion: contralateral loss of pain/temp, discrim
touch in head; ipsilateral loss of taste
Prefrontal Cortex
Pulvinar LGN Right Optic Tract
Lesion: memory loss (Wernicke-Korsakoff)
MGN Primary visual Cortex (17)
(lingual gyrus, cuneus)
Lesion: Left Homonymous Hemianopsia
Lesion: Sensory Aphasia
Primary Auditory
LGN, Superior Colliculus Cortex (41,42)
Brachium of Inferior
Association areas of temporal, occipital, parietal lobes Colliculus
 NUCLEUS FUNCTIONS

VPM Relay station for impulses from face, head & taste buds

VPL Relay Station for exteroceptive& proprioceptive from all body EXCEPT head &
face

VA Relay station for Striatal impulses (attention & recent memory )

VL (VI) Relay station for cerebellar impulses

MGB Relay station for Auditory impulses

LGB Relay station for Visual(Optic) impulses

 NUCLEUS FUNCTIONS

Anterior Attention & recent Memory

Medial Associated with mood & emotional balance

dorsal

Lateral Integrates Sensory information

Dorsal
Lateral Integrates Sensory information
Posterior

Pulvinar Correlates auditory & visual information with sensations

 NUCLEUS FUNCTIONS
Reticular Forms part of ascending reticular activating system

Intralaminar Awareness of painful stimuli at thalamic level

(Including
centromedian)
THALAMIC SYNDROME
• Due to vascular lesion
(thrombosis of
thalamogeniculate artery)
• Threshold for pain, touch &
temperature decreased on
opposite side of body
• When threshold reached
then exaggerated
• Emotional instability,
spontaneous laughing &
crying
 HYPOTHALAMUS
maintains the body’s
internal balance (homeostasis).

is the link between the

endocrine and nervous systems.

produces releasing
(RH) and inhibiting (IH)
hormones, which stop and start
the production of other
hormones throughout the body.
1. Anterior part: (optic chiasm + lamina terminalis)
• suprachiasmatic & paraventricular nuclei
• vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin secretion
2. Central part: (tuber cinereum+ infundibulum)
• ventromedial nucleus & infundibular nucleus
• lateral hypothalamica area
• control of eating
3. Posterior part: (mamillary region)
• post. hypothalamic & mamillary nuclei
• memory
 NUCLEI of HYPOTHALAMUS

Nucleus Function

Supraoptic nuc. ADH (vasopressin)

Paraventricular nuc. Oxitocin
Suprachiasmatic nuc. Circadian rhythm control
Preoptic & ant. nuc. Parasympathetic system control
Anterior nuc. Temperature control (respond to heat)
Post. & lateral nuc. Sympathetic system control
Posterior nuc. Temperature control (respond to cold)
Ventromedial nuc. Center for appetite (repressing eating desire)
Lateral nuc. Center for hunger and thirst (initiating eating & drinking desire)
• Hypothalamus can communicate with
hypophysis in two different ways:
• Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal
• Superior hypophyseal artery
• Primary hypophyseal portal
plexus
• Hypophyseal veins
• Secondary hypophyseal portal
plexus
• Efferent hypophyseal veins
• Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
• made by the fibers of
paraventricular and supraoptic
nuclei which relay to the
neurohypophysis
HYPOPHYSIS
• Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
• Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

• located in cavernous sinus

• intimately related with
• ICA
• CNIII
• CNIV
• CNV1, CNV2
• CNVI
THANK YOU