Plant biodiversity report on Usina Tropical sugar cane plantation

Confidential Plant biodiversity at Usina Tropical
Confidential Report
(October 2011 – November 2012)1
BP Biofuels-funded collaboration
University of Oxford
Universidade de Brasília
1
Prepared by Stephen Harris (University of Oxford) and Profa. Carolyn Proença (University of Brasília).
Delivered: 14th November 2012.
1
Contents
1 Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 3

2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Brazilian biomes ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Cerrado conservation.................................................................................................................... 5
3 Objectives............................................................................................................................................. 9
4 Methodology summary...................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Cerrado-level investigation ......................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Local-level investigations ............................................................................................................ 15
4.3 Star-rating and bioquality ........................................................................................................... 17
5 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 21
5.1 Usina Tropical in the context of the cerrado biome ................................................................... 21
5.2 Vegetation at the Usina Tropical site .......................................................................................... 23
5.3 Star-rating of the cerrado flora ................................................................................................... 25
5.4 Changes to the Brazilian Código Florestal................................................................................... 26
6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 27
7 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 28
8 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................ 29
Appendix A. Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção (2008) Annex I taxa
reported from the cerrado biome in Goiás........................................................................................... 30
Appendix B. Check list of the vascular plant taxa sampled and identified to date from the Usina
Tropical site, Goiás ................................................................................................................................ 31
Appendix C: Black and Gold Star flowering plants reported from Goiás .............................................. 38
Appendix D. Tree/ shrub species present at the Usina Tropical site which should be considered for
use as part of regeneration programmes. ............................................................................................ 44
2
1 Executive summary
1. Brazil is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world. The Brazilian savannas
(cerrado) have about a third of the Brazilian plant species but is under threat from changes
in land use. Growing sugar cane is one of the agroindustrial opportunities offered by the
cerrado.
2. Plants were collected from 40 sample points across the Reserva Legal of the Usina Tropical
(see Section 4). 2,675 specimens were collected, of which 1,317 (49.2%) have been identified
to species-level to date (see Section 5).
3. A conservation assessment of all Brazilian flowering plants (58,237 names) has been made
using a four-point Star-rating system. Nearly 15,500 cerrado species have been assessed, of
which 429 species with the highest ratings (Gold Star and Black Star) are found in Goiás (see
Section 5.3).
4. Species indicative of relatively fertile (mesotrophic) cerrado soils were common at the Usina
Tropical site (see Section 5.1). Comparisons of Usina Tropical samples, with samples from
across the cerrado biome, show the site integrates two blocks of cerrado vegetation,
cerradão mesotrófico from the north and cerrado típico from the east.
5. The main vegetation types at Usina Tropical are dense, forest-like savanna woodland dry
forests, cerrado, riverine forests, gallery forests and herb-dominated fields.
6. A significant contribution to building botanical knowledge about the Edéia municipio has
been made. Before this survey only six plant specimens were known from the Edéia
municipio. Nearly 900 species, in 110 flowering plant and fern families, have now been
recorded from the Usina Tropical site (Section 5 and Appendix B).
7. Two species on the Usina Tropical site were identified as of national and international
importance (see Section 5.1). At least five additional species (see Table 7) must be
considered when planning changes to the site. Cognisance must be given of the review
process associated with the Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de
Extinção and how this may change the conservation status of species on the site.
8. Seventeen native cerrado trees are recommended for inclusion in reforestation and
restoration programmes at the Usina Tropical (see Section 5.2 and Appendix D).
9. Changes to the Código Florestal could be significant for the amount of land under protection,
water sheds and the requirements for reforestation/ restoration and amelioration of native
vegetation in the cerrado biome (see Section 5.4).
10. Recommendations for future work (see Section 7) focus on continued conservation
assessment of the Usina Tropical site in the light of revisions to the Lista Oficial das Espécies
da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção, the assessment of new sites in the sugar cane-
growing region of the cerrado and training of a BP field team.
3
2 Introduction
Brazil needs land for food production and places for people to live. In addition, land is also set
aside for biodiversity conservation and, increasingly, for growing fuels. In the last decade, Brazil has
been identified as a country capable of making significant contributions to global agricultural and
energy needs because of its apparent availability of extensive land and water reserves. Brazil has
become the largest exporter of sugar, the second largest exporter of soybean and one of the world’s
largest exporters of wheat. The increase in Brazilian agricultural productivity is a consequence of
clearing land of its native vegetation, modifying soil nutrients, planting specially bred crops,
introducing fodder grasses from the Old World tropics and changing agricultural practises2.
Sugar was fundamental to Brazil in the century following the country’s discovery, whilst sugar
price boom and bust drove Brazilian economic development until the role was usurped by gold and
coffee in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Such is the importance of sugar in Brazil that it
has been argued that sugar has shaped both Brazilian society and family life3. Today, sugar remains a
commodity that places Brazil in a world-leading position for the supply and development of
biofuels4.
2.1 Brazilian biomes

In addition to being a leading agroindustrial economy, Brazil is one of the most biologically
diverse countries in the world, with vast areas of internationally important tropical forest, wetlands
and savannah. The most recent national survey of Brazilian flowering plants reported 31,766 native
species in Brazil5, although this is expected to underestimate total number of flowering plants. Since
the discovery of Brazil by Europeans in 1500 the area covered by native Brazilian vegetation has
declined, especially over the last 50 years. To those outside Brazil, this decline has been most
dramatic in Amazonia, the world’s most biologically diverse tropical forest, which once spread across
an area of approximately four million square kilometres6. However, Brazilian vegetation is more than
Amazonia, and the declines have often been more dramatic in other vegetation types compared
with Amazonia. In the centre of Brazil is the cerrado, the world’s most diverse savannah (Fig. 1). The
cerrado covered an area of some two million square kilometres, and contains approximately 12,000
vascular plant species, where the twisted trees and herbs are protected from assaults of fire, the
long dry season and the acid soils by numerous morphological, phenological, chemical and
developmental adaptations7. During the extended dry season, the region dries but the forests that
surround the rivers dissecting cerrado remain veins of evergreen forest. Estimates of the area of
cerrado lost since European colonisation of Brazil vary from 35% to 80% of the original area8. Despite
2
Sawyer (2008) Climate change, biofuels and eco-social impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 363: 1747-1752. Anonymous (2010) The
th
miracle of the cerrado. The Economist August 26 2010.
3
Freyre (2006) Casa grande e senzala. Global Editora.
4
Marques (2009) Paths for advancement as ethanol leader. Pesquisa FASESP Special Issue: 18-23.
5
Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil 2012 in http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012 Accessed 1st October 2012.
6
Freeley and Silman (2009) Extinction risks of Amazonia plant species. Proceedings of the National Academic of
Sciences USA 106: 12382-87.
7
Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger (2006) Life in the cerrado. A South American tropical season
ecosystem. Vol. 1. Ulm: Reta Verlag. Sano et al. (2008) Cerrado. Ecologia e flora. EMBRAPA Informação
Technológia, Brasília, DF. Simon and Pennington (2012) Evidence for adaptation to fire regimes in the tropical
savannas of the Brazilian cerrado. International Journal of Plant Sciences 173: 711-723.
8
Ratter et al. (1997) The Brazilian cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity. Annals of Botany 80: 223–
30; Joly et al. (1999) Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for
biodiversity conservation. Ciência e Cultura 51 331–48; Mantovani & Pereira (1998) Estimativa da
integradidade da cobertura vegetal do cerrado/pantanal através de dados. TM/Landsat Simpósio Brasiliero de
Sensoriamento Remoto, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São Jose dos Campos.
4
the best efforts of botanists to emphasise the species richness of the cerrado, the myth persists that
it is merely scrubland9. This is a particular problem outside Brazil, where Amazonia attracts most
public and political attention. The northeast of Brazil is covered by dry scrub and thorn forest, the
caatinga, which covered approximately 700,000 square kilometres and includes some 1,200 vascular
plant species10. In the west, the wetlands of the pantanal are home to some 1,800 species of
vascular plant, especially aquatics11. In the east, the mata atlântica forest covered the mountainous
fringe of the Atlantic coast, an area of about one million square kilometres, and includes some
20,000 flowering plant species. Today, the mata atlântica covers only about 2.5% of the original
area, the majority of which are small fragments12.
Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the

Cerrado Biome in South America;
isolated savannah patches not shown.
Amazonas (AM), Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE),
Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO),
Maranhão (MA), Minas Gerais (MG),
Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso
(MT), Pará (PA), Piauí (PI), Paraná (PR),
Rondônia (RO), São Paulo (SP),
13
Tocantins (TO) .
2.2 Cerrado conservation

The uneven distribution of plant diversity on the planet has lead to the identification of 34 global
hotspots, of which two are found in Brazil14. One is cerrado and the other is mata atlântica; the
primary areas with sugar cane production. However, the apparent pattern at the global level
disguises a very poor level of detail at the local level. Even within global hotspot regions, whether
cerrado or mata atlântica, there are long horizons of botanically uniform vegetation that is poor in
rarities. Conversely, between the global hotspot regions there are isolated pockets of endangered
plant-life, as yet undocumented or too small to appear on world maps, but all the more important
because of this isolation. Knowledge of hotspots at all scales facilitates selection of areas and
9 th
Anonymous (2010) The miracle of the cerrado. The Economist August 26 2010. See also letters responding
to the article in The Economist September 9th 2010.
10
Andrade-Lima (1981) The caatingas dominium. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 4: 149-53.
11
Alho (2005) The Pantanal. Fraser & Keddy The World’s largest wetlands: ecology and conservation.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 203-71.
12
SOS Mata atlântica (2012) http://www.sosmatatlantica.org.br. Accessed 1st October 2012.
13
Oliveira-Filho & Ratter (2002). Vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the cerrado biome. In Oliveira
& Marquis (eds) The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical savanna. New York:
Columbia University Press. pp. 91-120.
14
Conservation International (2012) Biodiversity hotspots. http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org. Accessed 1st
October 2012.
5
methods for conservation or sustainable economic development. But, even when the global
significance of small areas is well-known to scientists, the detailed data and analytical tools that are
crucial for sound stewardship and practical management, or for minimizing environmental impacts,
may be unavailable to those with local responsibility for policy implementation.
Historically, the mata atlântica was the frontier for Brazilian agricultural expansion, particularly
through coffee and cattle cultivation15. Today that expansion is found in the cerrado, which has led
Conservation International to report that the cerrado may disappear completely by 203016. Other
researchers have argued that this is too pessimistic a view that does not take sufficient account of
cerrado regeneration17. A dilemma therefore exists between land for human use and land for species
conservation. There are many dimensions to this dilemma, ranging from the biological through the
sociological to the political. However, as sugarcane (and ethanol) becomes more important to the
Brazilian economy, one aspect of the debate is likely to crystallise around biofuels and biodiversity.
Current Brazilian approaches to sugarcane expansion involve the establishment of sugarcane
plantations on former pasture land, with emphasis placed on the distance of such potential sites
from Amazonia rather than their proximity to the cerrado and mata atlântica18. At the 10th Meeting
of the Conference of the Parties, the Instituto de Estudos do Comércio e Negociações Internacionais
(ICONE), a Brazilian think-tank concerned with agriculture and agribusiness, tackled some of the
issues of biofuels and biodiversity, specifically in the Brazilian context19. ICONE emphasized biofuel
production could be reduced by biodiversity loss through land degradation, whilst biofuel
production could aid biodiversity conservation through the establishment of protected areas,
especially with regard to water resources.
In a wide-ranging investigation, Ratter et al. (2003)20 studied the woody plants21 at 376 sites
across the cerrado biome in its broadest sense. The study ranged from sparse savanna field
dominated by herbs with a scattering of woody plants (campo sujo) to dense, forest-like savanna
woodland (cerradão). Consequently, gallery forests (mata de galeria), riverine forests (mata ciliar),
dry forests (mata seca), herb-dominated fields (campo) and swamps (brejo) were not included.
Ratter et al. (2003) found high alpha diversity in the woody layer, with 914 species recorded in
continuous cerrado. However, only 300 species were found at more than eight sites and only 38
species at ≥50% of the sites (Table 1). The remaining 614 species (of which 309 species occurred at a
single site) were very rare. Thus, 38 species are ubiquitous, while about 300-350 species dominate
the core cerrado area. The number of woody species per site in Goiás varied from 33 to 70 (average =
54). Based on range-wide soil sampling, Ratter et al. identified 52 species as mesotrophic soil
indicators and devised a mesotrophic index22. Geographically, Edéia is within Ratter et al.’s (2003)
'Central-Western group’, ‘a huge swathe of sites running across the states of Mato Grosso do Sul,
Mato Grosso, Goiás, Tocantins, and into Pará close to the Tocantins border with many mesotrophic
species’. However, it is very close to the border of much smaller grouping ('Central-South Eastern
group') of sites from Minas Gerais and the Distrito Federal.
15
Fausto (1999) A concise history of Brazil. Cambridge University Press.
16 th
Conservation International (2004) Press release dated 8 July 2004: Brazilian cerrado may disappear by
2030. http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/070804-Brazilian-Cerrado-May-
Disappear-by-2030.aspx. Accessed 1st October 2012.
17
Jepson (2005) A disappearing biome? Reconsidering land-cover change in the Brazilian savanna. The
Geographical Journal 171: 99-111.
18
UNICA (2012) Sugarcane Industry Association. http://english.unica.com.br. Accessed 1st October 2012.
19
Lima (2010) Biodiversity and the sustainability of biofuels.
http://www.iconebrasil.org.br/arquivos/noticia/2127.pdf. Accessed 1st October 2012
20
Ratter et al (2003) Analysis of the floristic composition of the Brazilian cerrado vegetation III: Comparison of
the woody vegetation of 376 areas. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 57-109.
21
Defined a trees or large woody shrubs ≥3 cm in diameter at base.
22
Mesotrophic index = number of mesotrophic soil indicator species divided by the total number of species.
6
One hundred and thirty two cerrado taxa are reported in Annex I of the Lista Oficial das Espécies
da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção (2008)23 (Appendix A). Annex I only includes taxa that fall
within the IUCN criteria of ‘Critically Endangered’, ‘Endangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’, whilst Annex II
includes taxa that are likely to be endangered but lack of information means that they must be
regarded as ‘data deficient’ according to IUCN criteria. The Conselho Nacional para a Conservação da
Flora (CNCFlora) is currently reviewing Annex II taxa for inclusion in Annex I.
Rivera et al. (2010)24 were concerned with establishing priority levels for reserve establishment,
but the state-level resolution of taxon distribution reported in the Lista Oficial was too imprecise for
these purposes. Consequently, botanical collections were searched for geo-referenced records of all
vascular plant taxa (624 taxa) included in Annex I and II. The identities of records were checked and
then mapped to a rectangular grid (quadriculas; 1 degree latitude by 1.5 degrees longitude) laid
across the extent of the cerrado biome. Each quadricula was given one of three reserve
establishment priority scores based on the absence of reserve areas and high numbers of Annexe I
and Annexe II taxa; quadricula with the fewest reserves and greatest number of taxa were given the
highest priority25. Eighty-six (49%) of cerrado quadriculas had at least one record of an endangered
taxon.
The cerrado region offers the prospect of vast land areas, often in climates that are equitable for
the growth of sugarcane. Whilst much of this land may be former soybean or pasture land, pockets
of cerrado remain or areas may be suitable to attempt cerrado regeneration. Cerrado conservation is
significantly below the Convention in Biological Diversity (CDB) goal of 10%. Currently, approximately
2.5% of the land area is protected by conservation units of direct and indirect use26. Outside of
Amazonia, when land is cleared, Brazilian law requires that 20% of the area be maintained
undisturbed. Irrespective of the observance, or otherwise, of the law, an issue remains over where
to leave the 20% of native vegetation to maximize species diversity at both the regional and local
levels27.
23
Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção (2008)
http://www.rbjb.org.br/content/lista-oficial-das-esp%C3%A9cies-da-flora-brasileira-amea%C3%A7adas-de-
extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o [accessed 24th October 2012]. Annex I species reported from Goias
24
Rivera et al. (2010) As espécies ameaçadas da flora brasileira e o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de
Conservação (SNUC): uma abordagem preliminar do case do bioma Cerrado. In: Diniz et al. Cerrado -
conhecimento científico quantitativo como subsídio para ações de conservação. Thesaurus Editora. pp. 35-85.
25
Quadriculas with at ≥1% area in reserves were not ranked, since endangered taxa were considered to have a
‘reasonable chance of being protected’. Quadriculas with no records of endangered taxa were likewise not
scored.
26
This figure includes all kinds of national, state and county parks and Private Reserves that have been
registered in perpetuity, but excludes Amerindian reserves and the official legal reserves each landowner must
set aside. Rivera et al. (2010) As espécies ameaçadas da flora brasileira e o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de
Conservação (SNUC): uma abordagem preliminar do case do bioma Cerrado. In: Diniz et al. Cerrado -
conhecimento científico quantitativo como subsídio para ações de conservação. Thesaurus Editora. pp. 35-85.
27
Klink and Machado (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian cerrado. Conservation Biology 19: 707-13.
7
Table 1. Taxon ubiquity across the cerrado biome ranked according to the proportion of sites occupied (Ratter
et al., 1993), and the occurrence of these taxa at Usina Tropical.
Occurrence
Occurrence
at Usina
Tropical
cerrado
biome
across
Taxon
Qualea grandiflora 85% Occasional
Qualea. parviflora 78% Not recorded
Bowdichia virgilioides 77% Rare
Dimorphandra mollis 74% Not recorded
Lafoensia pacari 74% Absent
Connarus suberosus 73% Occasional
Hymenaea stigonocarpa 73% Common
Kielmeyera coriacea 70% Rare
Tabebuia aurea 67% Occasional
Handroanthus ochraceus 66% Occasional
Byrsonima coccolobifolia 65% Rare
Pouteria ramiflora 65% Absent
Casearia sylvestris 64% Common
Roupala montana 62% Common
Leptolobium dasycarpum 62% Occasional
Curatella americana 62% Very common
Erythroxylum suberosum 62% Rare
Caryocar brasiliense 61% Rare
Brosimum gaudichaudii 60% Rare
Byrsonima crassa 60% Common
Himatanthus obovatus 59% Occasional
Vatairea macrocarpa 59% Occasional
Davilla elliptica 58% Occasiona;
Machaerium acutifolium 58% Common
Tocoyena formosa 58% Common
Diospyros hispida 57% Occasional
Salvertia convallariodora 56% Very rare
Xylopia aromatica 55% Common
Astronium fraxinifolium 55% Common
Sclerolobium aurem 55% Occasional
Annona coriacea 54% Rare
Hancornia speciosa 53% Not recorded
Ouratea hexasperma 53% Very rare
Plathymenia reticulata 53% Rare
Aspidosperma tomentosum 51% Occasional
Qualea multiflora 51% Occasional
Byrsonima verbascifolia 50% Rare
Eriotheca gracilipes 50% Common
8
3 Objectives
1. Report on the first year of field work regarding plant diversity at the Usina Tropical site,
Goiás, Brazil.
2. Place the Usina Tropical site in the wider context of the Brazilian cerrado biome.
3. Report on the conservation status of plants at the Usina Tropical site.
4. Make recommendations of trees/ shrubs suitable for reforestation programmes at the Usina
Tropical site.
5. Report on the strategic work undertaken as part of the project.
6. Summarise changes to the Brazilian Código Florestal and how these might affect
conservation in the cerrado biome.
9
4 Methodology summary
Following a visual survey of the Usina Tropical site, forty sample points were placed across the
site to encompass the range of vegetation types represented, including sites on cane field margins
(Figs. 2-5; Table 2).
Fig. 2. Landscape map of the Usina

Tropical site indicating its location in the
state of Goiás, and the relative positions
of the Reservas Legais among the
component ranches (Canadá, Tropical
and Tupi) across the site.
Fig. 3. Landscape map of the Fazenda

Tupi, showing vegetation sample points
and general collection sites, together
with an indication of the type of
vegetation sampled.
Fig. 4. Landscape map of the Fazenda

Canadá, showing vegetation sample
points and general collection sites,
together.
10
Fig. 5. Vegetation types at the Usina Tropical site, Goiás (labelled left to right from top left). (a) mata ciliar; (b)
campo limpo/vereda; (c) mata seca margin; (d) mata seca interior; (e) cerrado; (f) cane field margin. Photos:
(a-e) M.R. Zana a (f) S.A. Harris.
11
Table 2. Characteristics of the 40 rapid botanical survey sample points at the Usina Tropical and near to Edéia, Goiás, together with the numbers of plant collections
made, the collections determined and the individual trees at each point.
determinat
Sampname
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
collections
undetermi
Site name
Site notes
individual
longitude
Latitude,
counted
samples
Altitude
Sample
(S, W)
trees
date
ions
ned
(m)
REMG01 Fazenda Barra 12/08/2012 17°40'28", 549 72 43 20 76
Funda 49°25'18"
REMS01 Rodovia GO-410, 13/08/2012 17°22'40", 530 64 38 17 85
10km de Edéia 49°51'22"
REPL01 Rodovia GO-410, 15/08/2012 17°22'44", 473 65 16 48 130
10km de Edéia 49°51'40"
RECUFC01 Fazanda Canadá 11/08/2012 17°41'15", 481 75 25 43 0
50°04'52"
IRFCBH Fazanda Canadá 25/08/2012 17°41'14", 487 35 29 7 12
50°05'05"
RECER01 Fazanda Canadá 10/08/2012 17°36'34", 488 96 57 17 129
50°05'41"
MVFCBG Fazanda Canadá 28/08/2012 17°42'16", 481 Próximo a vereda, borda com 55 27 25 42
50°04'50" capim navalha
INVFCA Fazenda Canadá 27/08/2012 17°45'28", 480 40 10 31 0
50°05'38"
RECD01 Fazenda Canadá 09/08/2012 17°42'53", 487 118 68 16 100
50°05'39"
REVEFC99 Fazanda Canadá 16/08/2012 17°41'18", 472 56 20 29 117
50°04'48"
REMSFC01 Fazanda Canadá 14/08/2012 17°40'49", 498 100 44 37 58
50°05'34"
CSFCAB Fazanda Canadá 05/09/2012 17°38'50", 425 Presença de gramíneas exóticas e 83 48 32 77
50°05'02" outras exóticas
MCFCEB Fazanda Canadá 07/09/2012 17°43'59", 512 68 44 22 69
50°05'39"
VEFCBF Fazanda Canadá 03/08/2012 17°24'42", 496 Lavoura de cana 45 21 23 0
50°03'01"
12
determinat
Sampname
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
collections
undetermi
Site name
Site notes
individual
longitude
Latitude,
counted
samples
Altitude
Sample
(S, W)
trees
date
ions
ned
(m)
MSFCBB Fazanda Canadá 07/08/2012 17°24'16", 498 Próximo a beira estrada 49 36 12 50
50°03'11"
MSFCBA Fazanda Canadá 08/08/2012 17°24'18", 454 Poucas lianas, solo com pouca mat. 73 50 17 41
50°03'12" org., período seco
CUFCBC Fazanda Canadá 06/08/2012 17°24'39", 472 Próximo a lavoura de cana 43 21 22 0
50°03'12"
CDFCBE Fazanda Canadá 04/08/2012 17°24'16", 450 Próximo a área com gramineas 58 38 20 48
50°03'20"
CDFCBD Fazanda Canadá 05/08/2012 17°24'08", 490 Próximo a estrada & lavoura de 52 37 16 48
50°03'37" cana
VEFCBJ Fazanda Canadá 26/08/2012 17°41'14", 470 Em torno de canavial 52 17 35 0
50°04'49"
VEFCBI Fazanda Canadá 23/08/2012 17°41'14", 426 41 12 29 0
50°05'06"
CSFCBA Fazanda Canadá 09/09/2012 17°39'47", 491 Pouca serrapilheira, fragmento de 102 47 49 70
50°06'03" cerrado no meio do canavial
CUFCDA Fazanda Canadá 08/09/2012 17°43'15", 488 46 16 31 0
50°06'26"
MSFCDB Fazanda Canadá 10/09/2012 17°43'17", 523 Muita serrapilheira 70 40 27 61
50°06'57"
CUFCFB Fazanda Canadá 11/09/2012 17°43'19", 465 82 30 52 0
50°04'47"
CSFCEA Fazanda Canadá 17/08/2012 17°42'35", 471 Presença de gramíneas exóticas 93 44 50 42
50°05'32"
BCFCEC Fazanda Canadá 19/08/2012 17°43'08", 490 Próximo a canavial e estrada 55 13 42 42
50°05'37"
CUFCEB Fazanda Canadá 18/08/2012 17°43'08", 490 27 7 21 0
50°05'37"
MSFCAA Fazanda Canadá 03/09/2012 17°39'36", 506 Pouca serrapilheira 59 34 25 49
50°05'13"
13
determinat
Sampname
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
collections
undetermi
Site name
Site notes
individual
longitude
Latitude,
counted
samples
Altitude
Sample
(S, W)
trees
date
ions
ned
(m)
CUFCBA Fazanda Canadá 30/08/2012 17°40'44", 536 67 21 46 0
50°05'49"
CSFCDC Fazanda Canadá 31/08/2012 17°43'44", 458 Próximo a canavial com pouca 97 50 43 95
50°06'16" serrapilheira
MCFCEB Fazanda Canadá 01/09/2012 17°43'21", 478 Quantidade média de serrapilheira 80 39 39 58
50°04'43"
MSFCFC Fazanda Canadá 02/09/2012 17°43'42", 520 Presença de poucas rochas 64 35 28 49
50°04'41"
CSFTAA Fazenda Tropical 06/09/2012 17°39'48", 482 Caducifolia acentuada, sinais de 92 46 43 76
50°07'49" queimada
MCFPAC Fazenda Tupi 21/08/2012 17°47'17", 395 65 36 30 41
50°06''04"
MCFPAB Fazenda Tupi 29/08/2012 17°46'17", 426 Quantidade média de serrapilheira 90 50 38 7
50°04'07"
MSFPAB Fazenda Tupi 22/08/2012 17°41'14", 461 Presença de gramíneas exóticas 71 32 36 42
50°04'50"
CUFPAA Fazenda Tupi 04/09/2012 17°46'45", 329 39 11 28 0
50°06'08"
MCFPAD Fazenda Tupi 20/08/2012 17°47'17", 456 Presença de construções 72 33 38 43
50°06'03"
MCFPAA Fazenda Tupi 24/08/2012 17°47'10", 490 64 32 31 40
50°06'013"
14
Fig. 6. Field collecting at the Usina Tropical, Goiás. Photos: (a-e) M.R. ana a.
4.1 Cerrado-level investigation

Date28 from Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais in Ratter et al.’s (2003) analysis were re-
analysed to include two samples from Usina Tropical using using Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis
(TWINSPAN). The Edéia sites were selected amongst the several cerrado surveys as intuitively
presenting the highest contrast in species and habitat: Edéia 1) dense mesotrophic savanna
woodland (cerradão mesotrófico) and Edéia 2) typical savanna (cerrado típico).
4.2 Local-level investigations

Biodiversity hotspots have been rather crudely and ambiguously defined on a global scale29.
Rapid Botanic Survey (RBS) aims to achieve greater precision, higher resolution, practicality and
transparency in biodiversity hotspot research than other available approaches30. Given plant
biodiversity is rapidly disappearing, RBS is a pragmatic approach where information extracted from
the limited resources available for biodiversity assessment is maximised rather than awaiting for
perfect solutions. RBS is a field survey methodology designed for mapping, prioritising and
conserving plant species and the vegetation they constitute, whilst integrating species and
community assessments. The methodology is particularly appropriate to species-rich, incompletely
explored vegetation. RBS data can also be used for determining the main patterns of floristic
variation in plant communities across a landscape and for measuring bioquality, the degree to which
a sample represents a biodiversity hotspot. The RBS framework provides objective, transparent and
repeatable, best-available answers that are open to peer-review.
Rapid Botanical Surveys (RBS) are a means of quickly generating data about vegetation type and
species distributions within defined landscape units. The main elements of the methodology as
applied to the Usina Tropical site at Edéia are:
a. Sample areas were small landscape units with visibly homogeneous vegetation, e.g., vereda,
mata seca or mata ciliar (Fig. 5). All vascular plant species within 10 m to 100 m of a central
point were collected, depending on sample shape and species richness. Sample shape was
determined by vegetation homogeneity and was linear in the case of rivers and streams. The
Reserva Legal was the focus of sampling but the opportunity was taken to include samples
from within the sugar-cane fields.
28
Kindly supplied by José Felipe Ribeiro (EMBRAPA, Brasília).
29
Myers et al. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-58.
30
Hawthorne and Abu-Juam (1995) Forest Protection in Ghana with particular reference to vegetation and
plant species. IUCN, Cambridge, U.K.
15
b. A field survey team comprised 3-6 people: a team leader (booker) and a group of collectors
who surveyed and gathered specimens (Fig. 6). Terrain permitting, the booker was usually
based at the central point of the survey area. Collectors radiated outwards from the booker,
searching the surrounding area in quadrants and collecting each new plant species. The
booker made decisions as to whether particular plants were new for the sample.
c. Samples were given unique code names to identify the data and for use in maps and data
summaries. Background information recorded for each sample included: GPS location, brief
soil description, and the state of the vegetation with respect to management, threats and
disturbance levels.
d. Each collected specimen was given a unique code number, pressed in the field and full plant
presses were dried over gas stoves. Dried specimens were photographed and identified as
far as possible at the Universidade de Brasília Herbarium (UB). This remains an on-going
process.
e. The RBS team tried to ensure all vascular plants within the sample area were collected.
Mosses, lichens and fungi were excluded due to difficulties of sampling, identification and
subsequent analysis. Care was taken not to overlook any species that could be identified
with reasonable effort; dead trees and recently germinated seedlings were omitted. Lianas
were sampled with the aid of a collecting pole. Epiphytes, were collected only if within reach
and there was a reasonable prospect of identification. Inevitably epiphytes were under-
sampled since climbing equipment was not used and many species of epiphytic orchids and
bromeliads cannot be identified with confidence from sterile material. Confident field
identification to species level was usually impossible, therefore specimens were collected;
most of these were sterile.
f. As a rule of thumb, more than 40 species were recorded per sample, but sampling until the
local landscape unit yielded no more records was the preferred target. In a few habitats,
such as sugar-cane fields, fewer than 40 species were to be found in total even after
extensive searching, so lower limits were accepted.
g. Trees were defined based on diameter at breast height (DBH), which by necessity varied
depending on whether the survey sample was in cerrado, mata seca, mata ciliar, mata
galaria or burritial. The number of individual trees with a DBH equal to or greater than the
defined limit was counted. At least 40 tree stems were identified and counted before
sampling was considered adequate. In largely treeless habitats, e.g., vereda, tree counts
were obviously excluded.
h. Abundance was estimated on a three-point scale for all collections except counted trees.
1. Not particularly common in the sampled area (most taxa per sample);
2. Common, occurring repeatedly throughout sampled area (usually few taxa per sample);
3. Dominant throughout (sometimes one or two, often no, taxa per sample).
i. All specimens were identified31 and, together with their respective field notes, were
databased in a BRAHMS database. A sample plot database was merged with species level
data to produce bioquality results for plant communities.
31
The resources of the herbarium of the Universidade de Brasília, together with the web-based central
Brazilian herbarium network FLORESCER (http://www.florescer.unb.br/bol/FLORESCER/), were used to identify
specimens. On-line access to the herbarium collections of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, the New York
Botanical Garden and the herbarium of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro was used as an additional
identification resource. Standard field guides to the plants of the cerrado include: da Silva (2005) 100 árvores
do cerrado. Guia de campo. Brasília: Rede de Sementes do Cerrado. da Silva Junior and da Silva Pereira (2009)
+100 árvores do cerrado matas de galleria. Guia de campo. Brasília: Rede de Sementes do Cerrado. Kulhmann
(2012) Fructos e sementes do cerrado. Atrativos para fauna. Guia de campo. Brasília: Rede de Sementes do
Cerrado. Lorenzi, H. (2008) Árvores Brasileiras, Vol. 1. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum. Lorenzi, H. (2009)
Árvores Brasileiras, Vol. 2. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum. Lorenzi, H. (2009) Árvores Brasileiras, Vol. 3.
Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum. Munhoz et al. (2011) Vereda. Guia de campo. Brasília: Rede de Sementes do
Cerrado. Proenca et al. (2000) Flores e fructose de cerrado. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
16
Table 3. Biome coverage, total number of flowering plants and number of flowering plants found in the
*
cerrado biome across cerrado-containing states .
Proportion of state covered by biome (%)
found in state (%)

Total area (km )
flowering plant
flowering plant
taxa in cerrado
2
cerrado biome
Proportion of
taxa (genera)
Number of
Number of
(genera)
State
Amazonia
Atlantica
Pantanal
Caatinga
Cerrado
Mata
Amazonas 1,577,820 <0.1 99.9 <0.1 8,386 1,844
(1,502) (890)
Amapá 143,454 <0.1 99.9 <0.1 2,505 867
(782) (573)
Bahia 567,295 27.0 19.0 54.0 7.5 8,802 4,843
(1,588) (1,221)
Ceará 146,349 <0.1 99.9 <0.1 2,290 1,555
(802) (693)
Distrito Federal 5,822 100.0 0.3 3,153 3,056
(885) (867)
Goiás 341,290 97.0 3.0 16.2 5,627 5,414
(1,087) (1,052)
Maranhão 333,366 65.0 34.0 1.0 10.6 2,801 1,813
(897) (750)
Minas Gerais 588,384 57.0 41.0 2.0 16.3 11,375 8,164
(1,591) (1,315)
Mato Grosso do Sul 358,159 61.0 14.0 25.0 10.7 3,319 2,776
(930) (856)
Mato Grosso 906,807 39.0 54.0 7.0 17.3 5,318 4,038
(1,197) (1,035)
Pará 1,253,165 <0.1 99.9 <0.1 6,375 2,343
(1,328) (929)
Piauí 252,379 37.0 63.0 4.6 1,742 1,192
(600) (548)
Paraná 199,281 2.0 98.0 0.2 5,957 3,044
(1,310) (1,017)
Rondônia 238,512 0.2 99.8 <0.1 2,920 1,200
(888) (687)
Roraima 225,116 <0.1 99.9 <0.1 2,619 1,026
(834) (619)
São Paulo 248,809 32.0 68.0 3.9 7,751 4,222
(1,467) (1,130)
Tocantins 278,421 91.0 9.0 12.4 1,737 1,566
(590) (567)
*Machado, Ramos Neto, Pereira, Caldas, Gonçalves, Santos, Tabor and Steininger (2004) Estimativas de perda da área do Cerrado
brasileiro. Relatório técnico não publicado. Conservação Internacional, Brasília, DF. Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil 2012 in
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012 Accessed 1st March 2012.
4.3 Star-rating and bioquality

The Star system was developed for assessment of tropical forest vegetation because of
difficulties of applying the IUCN classification system, and to facilitate use of results in community
level analyses32. The Star system is not a substitute for the IUCN system, rather it emphasises
32
Hawthorne and Abu-Juam (1995) Forest Protection in Ghana with particular reference to vegetation and
plant species. IUCN, Cambridge, U.K.
17
conservation priority from the perspective of global rarity perspective and integrates with bioquality
scoring for representative vegetation samples. Consequently, the global significance of any
vegetation plot can be determined.
Fig. 7. Cerrado connectivity graph showing

states with core cerrado, peripheral cerrado
and cerrado islands. Circle diameter is
proportional to the area of the state, where
2
area is greater than 1,000,000 km (AM, PA).
The numbers show the proportion of the
state covered by cerrado, where no number
is given, less than 0.1% of the state is
covered by cerrado. Acre (AC), Alagoas (AL),
Amazonas (AM), Amapá (AP), Bahia (BA),
Ceará (CE), Distrito Federal (DF), Goiás (GO),
Maranhão (MA), Minas Gerais (MG), Mato
Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso (MT), Pará
(PA), Piauí (PI), Paraná (PR), Rondônia (RO),
Roraima (RR), São Paulo (SP), Tocantins (TO).
A connectivity graph was made for the 17 cerrado-containing Brazilian states (Fig. 7; Table 3).
Three broad classes of cerrado were defined: (i) core cerrado (more than one connection with other
cerrado areas); (ii) peripheral cerrado (one connection with other cerrado areas) and (iii) cerrado
islands (no connections with other cerrado areas). The connectivity graph was used to create a star-
assignment key (Tables 4 and 5). All flowering plant names, including accepted names and
synonyms, were imported from the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil33, into a BRAHMS database.
State-level distribution data were summarised and parsed from the database. The database was
searched using the conditions identified in Tables 4 and 5, and star-rating assigned to each taxon.
Additional data were derived from published checklists of Brazilian rare plants34 and non-cerrado
biome-level lists35. Infraspecific taxa were given the same star-rating as the autonym unless a
widespread taxon had cerrado-specific infraspecific taxa. In addition to BLACK, GOLD, BLUE and
GREEN, a question mark (?) was added to a rating to indicate provisional status, NOT SCORED was
used for taxa found exclusively outside the cerrado biome and all synonyms were scored as NOT
APPLICABLE.
Weights for Stars were calculated according to relative global rarity expressed as numbers of
degree squares recorded as occupied. A subset of taxa, with published (usually in Flora Neotropica)
degree square maps was used to calculate Star weights (Table 6). Weights are not derived from
assumed or modelled ranges but areas of recorded occupancy.
Bioquality was expressed as Genetic Heat Index (GHI) calculated from the representation of Stars
(Eq. 1):
Eq. 1
Where WBK, WGD and WBU are the Black Star, Gold Star and Blue Star weights, respectively and
NBK, NGD, NBU and NGN are the total number of Black Star, Gold Star, Blue Star and Green Star taxa,
respectively, in the sample.
33
Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil 2012 in http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012 Accessed 1st March 2012.
34
Giulietti et al. (2009) Plantas raras do Brasil. Belo Horizonte, MG: Conservação Internacional.
35
Stehmann et al. (2009) Plantas da Floresta Atlântica. Rio de Janeiro: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.
18
Table 4. Key for star-rating Brazilian vascular plants. Acre (AC), Alagoas (AL), Amapá (AP), Amazonas (AM),
Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Distrito Federal (DF), Espírito Santo (ES), Goiás (GO), Maranhão (MA), Minas Gerais
(MG), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso (MT), Pará (PA), Paraíba (PB), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), Paraná
(PR), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Rondônia (RO), Roraima (RR), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa
Catarina (SC), Sergipe (SE), São Paulo (SP), Tocantins (TO).
1 Introduced, cultivated or naturalised in Brazil OR with at least part of native distribution GREEN
*
outside New World .
1 Native to Brazil, neither cultivated nor naturalisedin Brazil AND native distribution 2
restricted to New World.
2 Reported from Brazil AND other parts of the New World. 3
2 Reported ONLY from Brazil. 4
3 Widespread through South America AND/OR Central America AND/OR Caribbean Islands GREEN
AND/OR North America.
3 Disjunct distribution across New World, i.e., Brazil AND Mesoamerica OR Mexico, Brazil BLUE
AND Caribbean Islands OR Brazil AND North America.
4 Reported ONLY from non-cerrado-containing states (AC, AL, ES, PB, PE, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SE). NOT SCORED
4 Reported from AT LEAST ONE cerrado-containing state (AM, AP, BA, CE, DF, GO, MA, MG, 5
MS, MT, PA, PI, PR, RO, RR, SP, TO).
5 Reported from AT LEAST ONE non-cerrado-containing state (AC, AL, ES, PB, PE, RJ, RN, RS, 6
SC, SE) AND ONE cerrado-containing state (AM, AP, BA, CE, DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT, PA,
PI, PR, RO, RR, SP, TO).
5 Reported ONLY from cerrado-containing states (AM, AP, BA, CE, DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, 7
MT, PA, PI, PR, RO, RR, SP, TO).
6 Reported from two or fewer states. BLUE
6 Reported from two or more states. GREEN
*
7 NOT RESTRICTED to cerrado biome . GREEN
7 RESTRICTED to cerrado biome. Go to (Table 5)
*
If star-ratings are available from the native range for naruralised or introduced taxa (couplet 1), or from non-cerrado biomes (couplet 6)
then these rating have priority.
Table 5. Key for star-rating Brazilian Cerrado biome endemic vascular plants. Acre (AC), Alagoas (AL), Amapá
(AP), Amazonas (AM), Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Distrito Federal (DF), Espírito Santo (ES), Goiás (GO), Maranhão
(MA), Minas Gerais (MG), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Mato Grosso (MT), Pará (PA), Paraíba (PB), Pernambuco
(PE), Piauí (PI), Paraná (PR), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Rondônia (RO), Roraima (RR), Rio
Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Sergipe (SE), São Paulo (SP), Tocantins (TO).
1 ONLY reported from AT LEAST ONE island cerrado states (AM, AP, PA, PR, RR, SP) OR AT 2
LEAST ONE peripheral cerrado state (CE, RO).
1 Reported from AT LEAST ONE core cerrado state (BA, DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT, PI, TO). 3
2 Reported from ONLY ONE island cerrado state (AM, AP, PA, PR, RR, SP) OR ONE BLACK
peripheral cerrado state (CE, RO).
2 Reported from TWO OR MORE cerrado island states (AM, AP, PA, PR, RR, SP) AND/OR GOLD
BOTH cerrado peripheral states (CE, RO).
3 Reported from only ONE core cerrado state (BA, DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT, PI, TO). 4
3 Reported from TWO OR MORE core cerrado states (BA, DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT, PI, TO). 6
4 Widespread, contiguous distribution across state. BLUE
4 Restricted distribution across state, but if widespread then distribution disjunct. 5
5 Reported from ≥3 disjunct municipios or >3 municipios with shared borders. GOLD
5 Reported from <3 disjunct municipios or ≤3 municipios with shared borders. BLACK
6 Reported from AT LEAST FOUR core cerrado states. BLUE
6 Reported from FEWER THAN FOUR core cerrado states. 7
7 Reported from ANY of the following state combinations: MG & MA; PI & MS; PI & DF; MA GOLD
& MS; MA & DF.
7 Other state distributions recorded. BLUE
19
Table 6. Summary of taxa (mostly species) classified into each category, the reported mean range occupied by
a subset for each Star, and calculated weights for bioquality determination.
Mean number of
degree squares
Star rating Summary No. taxa GHI weight
occupied
(n = sample size)
Black Globally rare (endemic); Brazil has 2,400 1.4 (n = 34) 27
responsibility for these.
Gold Fairly rare, usually in only a few 940 4.1 (n = 17) 9
regions.
Blue Species usually restricted to the 1,887 15.3 (n = 36) 3
cerrado.
Green Globally widespread or widespread 8,922 66.7 (n = 115) 0
in Brazil.
Not applicable - 22,663 - -
Not scored - 20,128 - -
*
Blue? - 1,297 - -
*
Taxa in this category are likely to be rated either Blur Star or Gold Star when all ratings have been made.
Given the changes currently being made to the Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira
Ameaçadas de Extinção (2008), five unusual taxa [Astrocaryum huaimi (Arecaceae), Eugenia prolixa
(Myrtaceae), Myrcia cardiaca (Myrtaceae), Rourea chrysomala (Connaraceae), Serjania trichomisca
(Sapindaceae)] were investigated for their likely IUCN conservation rating. Herbarium collections in
the FLORESCER36 network were searched for all geo-refered samples of these taxa. These locations
were then analysed using a beta version of the GeoCAT software37. GeoCAT infers IUCN rating based
on either extent of occurrence (EOO; the convex polygon surrounding all sample points) or area of
occupancy (AOO; the total area occupied by each known site, assuming a 2 km grid cell width).
36
FLORESCER (http://www.florescer.unb.br/bol/FLORESCER/).
37
Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT; http://geocat.kew.org/). Output for printing and
presentation of results is currently limited on this beta version of the software.
20
5 Results
Across the 40 sites investigated 2,675 specimens were collected, of which 1,317 (49.2%) have
been identified to species-level to date (Table 2; Fig. 8). The remaining specimens were grouped into
morphospecies for on-going identification. It is estimated that there will be c. 880 species (in 110
families) among the specimens collected. In terms of the fully identified specimens there are
currently 401 species (Appendix B).
5.1 Usina Tropical in the context of the cerrado biome

Mesotrophic soil indicator species (Table 1), for example, Astronium fraxinifolium (Anacardiaceae;
gonçalo-alves), Coccoloba mollis (Polygonaceae), Dilodendron bipinatum (Sapindaceae; mulher-
pobre), Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae; baru), Myracrodruon urundeuva and Terminalia argentea
(Combretaceae; capitão) are very common at the Usina Tropical sites. Mesotrophic indices for the
two Usina Tropical sites were 0.37 (cerradão mesotrófico) and 0.09 (cerrado típico). The cerradão site
has the highest mesotrophic index found to date (maximum = 0.35 in Ratter et al., 2003), whilst the
cerrado típico site is within the most frequent range (0-0.10) found by Ratter et al. TWINSPAN
classified the two Tropical sites into different groups: Edéia 1 (cerradão mesotrófico) was associated
with sites in Bahia, Goiás and Mato Grosso, whilst Edéia 2 (cerrado típico) was associated with sites
in Goiás, Distrito Federal and Minas Gerais (‘Central-South Eastern group’). Consequently, the Usina
Tropical site includes two strikingly different types of cerrado vegetation, cerradão mesotrófico and
cerrado típico, and occupies an intermediate position (Fig. 9).
Before the present investigation began approximately six botanical records were reported from
the Usina Tropical quadricula, hence Rivera et al. (2010) were unable to assign it a conservation
priority. Based on the botanical collections made to date, the Usina Tropical quadricula has a Level 2
conservation priority since it contains one Annex I species (Myracrodruon urundeuva,
Anacardiaceae; aroeira) and no land formally assigned to reserves. Aroeira is common (reported
from most mata ciliar and mata seca plots) in the quadricula but threatened because of the
durability of the wood, making it a preferred species for gates, posts and fences. In addition,
Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae; baru), classified as ‘Vulnerable’ by the IUCN, but omitted from Annexe I of
the Lista Oficial38, was reported from some mata seca plots. The protein-rich, nut-like seeds of baru
are widely consumed and are considered an iconic species by cerrado people and cultures39.
38
IUCN Red List (2012) Dipteryx alata. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/32984/0 [accessed 27th October
2012]
39
Pedrosa de Almeida et al. (1998) Cerrado: species vegetais uteis. Planaltina, DF: Embrapa.
21
Fig. 8. Images for flowers and fruits from around the Usina Tropical, Goiás (labeled left to right from top left).
(a) Ananas sp. (Bromeliaceae); (b) Passiflora sp. (Passifloraceae); (c) Spathicarpa sp. (Araceae); (d)
Camptosema scarlatinum (Fabaceae); (e) Ormosia fastigiata (Fabaceae); (f) Lippia sp. (Verbenaceae); (g) Vigna
sp. (Fabaceae); (h) Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae); (i) Mimosa lactifera (Fabaceae); (j) Olyra latifolia (Poaceae); (k)
Campanulaceae; (l) Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae). Photos: (a-f, l) M.R. Zanatta; (g-k) S.A. Harris.
22
Fig. 9. Geographic distribution (mapped

using quadriculas; 1 degree latitude by 1.5
degrees longitude) of cerradão mesotrófico
and cerrado típico across the cerrado biome
based on re-analysis of data collected by
Ratter et al. (2003) and including two sites
from Usina Tropical (quadricula
highlighted).
5.2 Vegetation at the Usina Tropical site

Inclusion of data from the Usina Tropical site significantly extended the ranges of the four of the
five species chosen for detailed conservation analysis (Fig. 10). Particular notable was the range
extension of Eugenia prolixa (Fig. 10B), a species previous known only from Mato Grosso,
approximately 500 km to the northwest of the Usina Tropical, and the western extension of the
range of Rourea chrysomala (Fig. 10D). Inferred IUCN conservation criteria based on area of
occupancy indicate all five taxa are Endangered (Table 7). Based on extent of occupany, one
(Eugenia prolix) is regarded as Endangered and one (Serjania trichomisa) is regarded as Near
Threatened (Table 7). None of these taxa are currently included in either Annex I or II of the Lista
Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção (2008). The current revision of the
Lista Oficial may well include some or all of these taxa.
Table 7. Inferred IUCN conservation status and star-rating of five unusual species discovered at the Tropical
site. Extent of occurrence (EOO) is the convex polygon surrounding all of the known points of occurrence. Area
of occupancy is the total area occupied by each known site (using a 2 km grid cell width). LC (least concern), NT
(near threatened) and EN (endangered). BU (Blue star) and GD (Gold star).
2
Taxon Sample points Star-rating Total distribution (km ) [inferred IUCN classification]
EOO AOO
Astrocaryum huaimi 8 BU 235,495 [LC] 32 [EN]
(Arecaceae)
Eugenia prolixa 6 GD 1,284 [EN] 20 [EN]
(Myrtaceae)
Myrcia cardiaca 8 BU 339,013 [LC] 28 [EN]
(Myrtaceae)
Rourea chrysomala 5 GD 101,163 [LC] 20 [EN]
(Connaraceae)
Serjania trichomisca 11 BU 23,803 [NT] 36 [EN]
(Sapindaceae)
None of the areas currently being reforested at the Usina Tropical have been assessed as part of
this Report. Nearly 100,000 trees of native species had been planted, since 2008, at the Usina
Tropical site. A survey of the Usina Tropical nursery in March 2012 showed there were 17,101
saplings being grown from 25 main species (Table 8). Only ten (40%) of these species were found in
the sample plots of native vegetation. Seven (28%) of the species have been introduced to Brazil or
the cerrado biome. Based on the species composition of the plots examined, the local and ecological
significance of particular species and their contribution to the main forest types at the Usina Tropical
23
site seventeen tree/shrub species are suggested for consideration as part of planting programmes
(Appendix D): Astronium fraxinifolium Schott. (Gonçalo-alves; Anacardiaceae); Campomanesia
velutina (Cambess.) O.Berg (Gabiroba; Myrtaceae); Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Copaíba; Fabaceae);
Cordia alliodora Cham. (Boraginaceae); Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. (Mulher-pobre; Sapindaceae);
Dipteryx alata Vogel (Baru; Fabaceae); Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Mutamba; Malvaceae); Jacaranda
cuspidifolia Mart. (Jacarandá-mimoso; Bignoniaceae); Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Aroeira;
Anacardiaceae); Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC. (Araçá-do-mato; Myrtaceae); Ormosia fastigiata Tul.
(Tento; Fabaceae); Platypodium elegans Vogel (Jacarandá-bico-de-pato; Fabaceae); Rhamnidium
elaeocarpum Reissek (Rhamnaceae); Trichilia pallida Swartz (Meliaceae); Vernonanthura ferruginea
(Less.) H. Rob. (Assa-peixe; Asteraceae); Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. (Tarumã; Lamiaceae);
Xylopia aromática (Lam.) Mart. (Pimenta-de-macaco; Annonaceae).
Fig. 10. Distribution maps of the palm Astrocaryum huaimi (A), the myrtles Eugenia prolixa (B) and Myrcia
cardiaca (C), the shrub Rourea chrysomala (D) and the climber Serjania trichomisca (E). Blue dots indicate
records of known species occurrence. Red dots indicate location of the Usina Tropical site. The shaded area
within the polygons is the species extent of occurrence.
24
th
Table 8. Inventory of tree and shrub saplings growing in Usina Tropical nursery on 20 March 2012. Scientific
names have been added where these can be determined from the nursery identification (‘?’ indicates identity
is uncertain from nursey identification). Status of species as native or introduced to the cerrado biome is
indicated, together with whether the species was found in the survey plots.
Nursery Scientific name Number of Native (N)/ Found at Usina

identification saplings Introduced (I) Tropical
Baru Dipteryx alata 3980 N Yes
Syzygium cuminii I (native south east No
2260
Jambolão Asia)
Caroba Jacaranda caroba 2100 N Uncertain
Nim Azadirachta indica 1540 I (native southern Asia) No
Ipê branco Tabebuia roseoalba 1100 N Yes
?Myroxylon sp. N in Amazonia, if M. No
740
Bálsamo balsamum
Jatobá Hymenaea sp. 720 N Probably
Tabebuia/ N Uncertain
650
Ipê amarelo Handroanthus sp
Enterolobium sp. N Yes, if E.
500
Tamboril contortisiliquum
Tingui Magonia pubescens 420 N Yes
Guapeva Pouteria ?torta 400 N Yes
Cafezinho Casearia ?sylvestris 350 N Yes
Oiti Licania ?tomentosa 265 N No
Aspidosperma N Uncertain
240
Peroba rosa parvifolium
Annona muricata I (native Central No
220 America and
Graviola Caribbean)
Mutamba Guazuma ulmifolia 215 Y Yes
Pau de espeto Unknown 200 Unknown Unknown
Artocarpus I (native South east No
200
Jaca heterophyllus Asia)
Handroanthus N Yes
200
Ipê roxo impetiginosa
Embaúba Cecropia pachystachya 120 N Yes
Psidium guajava N, but area unknown; No
100
Goiaba widely cultivated
Pseudobombax N Yes
100
Embiruçu longiflorum
Copaíba Copaifera langsdorffii 100 N Yes
Pitomba Talisia esculenta 56 N in Amazonian Brazil No
Guaritá Astronium graveolens 55 N No
Other species - 270 - -
5.3 Star-rating of the cerrado flora

The whole of Brazilian angiosperm flora (58,237 names) was scored for bioquality stars (Table 6).
Of these names, 42,791 were excluded from consideration since they were either synonyms (20,128)
or to biomes other than cerrado. 14,149 were scored as Green, Blue, Gold or Black Star. The highest
rating (Black Star) was given to 2,400 species. Four hundred and twenty nine species were given
Black or Gold Stars in Goiás (Appendix C). Importantly, these scoring have yet to be independently
reviewed and 1,297 have been scored as ‘Blue?’, meaning they are likely to have either Blue Star or
Gold Star ratings.
25
5.4 Changes to the Brazilian Código Florestal

Within the past month, significant changes have been passed into law, which are likely to have
impacts on cerrado conservation, have been made to the Brazilian Código Florestal. Discussions,
accompanied by intense political manoeuvring and popular campaigning, over these changes have
occurred over the past 18 months.
In May 2011, a Report was put forward to, and approved by, the Câmara dos Deputados, which
proposed all Areas of Permanent Protection (APPs) surrounding rivers, springs and mangroves, and
steep inclines, amongst other fragile environments, should become passive to deforestation for
agriculture or pasture. Areas that had been illegally deforested would no longer have to
recuperated, and any fines applied would be cancelled. The Report also proposed increasing legal
deforestation, particularly in the Amazon. When the proposed Código Florestal came before the
Senate, there was massive mobilization against it by many sectors of society including
environmentalists, scientists, artists, the clergy, small landowners and indigenous peoples. Despite a
petition, with 1.6 million signatures, asking for changes to the proposed Código Florestal, the Senate
maintained the main points; the proposal was approved in December 2011. Following approval of
the new Código Florestal, massive protests, on the streets and internet, coalesced under the slogan
‘Veta, Dilma!’. Despite the protests and the headlines in the Brazil’s highest circulation newspapers,
President Dilma Roussef neither vetoed the law’s text nor its central points.
On the 17th October 2012 the new Código Florestal (Lei Nº 12.727) was published. The main
differences from the previous legislation are:
1) Amnesty for most illegal deforestation that took place before 2008, without the requirement
to restore areas. Furthermore, all imposed fines are to be pardoned.
2) The required areas of legally protected areas (in the form of Reservas Legais and APPs) n
Reserves and Permanent Protection Areas) in the Amazon have been reduced.
3) The calculation of the width of mata de galeria that must legally be maintained has been
changed. Under the old law, river width was determined at the height at the wet season, but
under the new law river width is determined at the height of the dry season. This measure has
effectively removed protection along temporarily flooded igapós and várzeas in the Amazon,
and many small rivers in cerrado and caatinga that dry up during the dry season. Under the
new law, an area the size of the State of São Paulo can now be legally deforested.
4) According to the old law, deforested mata de galeria had to be restored with native
vegetation in a band that varied between 30 m and 500 m from the river bank. Hydrologists
alerted the Brazilian parliament that these limits should be increased, not decreased. Under
the new law, illegally deforested areas (before 2008) will only have to be restored between 5
m and 100 m from the river bank. Furthermore, all fines will be pardoned.
5) Cities within Legal Amazonia with ≥50% of their area occupied by Conservation Units or Indian
Reserves are now part of a special category; the Legal Reserve Area (80% in Amazonia) falls
from 80% to 50% for private properties within this category.
6) The old law required natural vegetation is preserved around any spring with a radius of ≥50 m.
The new law has limits the requirement to springs flowing the whole year; springs that dry up
during the dry season are no longer protected. The change affects many springs in the cerrado
and caatinga biomes.
7) Springs illegally deforested before 2008 only have to be partially restored. In some cases, only
10% of the areas that should have been protected will be required to be restored.
8) Areas on steep slopes should be protected by forests. According to the old law, such areas
would have to be restored, if deforested. The new law does not require steep slopes
deforested before 2008 to be restored.
26
6 Conclusions
Conclusions are drawn based on one field season and incomplete identification of collected
material.
1. Based on mesophytic indicator taxa, the Usina Tropical site has the highest mesotrophic
index reported to date across the Brazilian cerrado biome. Many of the individual species
found at the Usina are widespread across the cerrado, but the combination of species and
the mata seca formation at the Usina is special. Mata seca is of particular conservation
concern since this forest tends to occupy more fertile cerrado sites.
2. Two species on the Usina Tropical site were identified as of national and international
importance (Myracrodruon urundeuva and Dipteryx alata, respectively). Five species
(Astrocaryum huaimi, Eugenia prolixa, Myrcia cardiaca, Rourea chrysomala and Serjania
trichomisca) show the conservation value of the Usina site.
3. Seventeen species have been recommended for planting at the the Usina Tropical site (see
Section 5.2).
4. Basic work on integrating databases through FLORESCER has been completed. The BRAHMS
database has been restructured to ensure data are easily shared across the web. The
BRAHMS image interface has been up-dated to aid plant identification in the field. Basic field
and ecological data are continually being added to the BRAHMS database.
5. Changes to the Código Florestal could be significant for the amount of land under protection,
water sheds and the requirements for reforestation/ restoration and amelioration of native
vegetation in the cerrado biome (see Section 5.4).
27
7 Recommendations
1. Trees for reforestation

17 trees suitable for replanting at the Usina Tropical site have been identified. These trees have
local and ecological significance and are major contributors to the main forest types at the site.
2. Conservation assessment of Usina Tropical site

Two species with identified as of national (Myracrodruon urundeuva) and international
(Dipteryx alata) have been identified on the site. At least five additional species (Table 7) must
be considered when planning changes to the site. Additional species are likely to be identified
as more becomes known of this poorly investigated part of the cerrado biome. Cognisance must
be given of the review process associated with the Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira
Ameaçadas de Extinção and how this may affect the conservation status of species on the site.
3. Assessment of existing and new sites

Collections will continue to be made at the Usina Tropical site on a monthly basis to monitor the
flora throughout the year. This is important to help the identification of sterile specimens
collected as part of Year 1’s field season, to collect any species that might flower/ fruit outside
the main field season and to investigate the distribution of rare species on the site.
In addition, the following should be undertaken:

a. Analysis of six quadriculas with few plant collections (using indicator taxa) and in likely sugar
cane-growing regions within the cerrado biome should be undertaken. If Federal or State
Reserves, or RPPNs above 500 ha exist within them, then field work should be in these.
b. The Ituiutaba, MG and Itumbiara, GO quadrículas where new Usina units are being
constructed should inventoried and surved using RBS methodologies.
c. The nearest Reserves to the Usina Tropical (RPPN Fazenda Palmeira and Parque Estadual de
Paraúna) should be inventoried.
These criteria will produce nine new areas to inventory using Indicator Taxa, RBS and methods
specific for herbaceous vegetation in fields and trees in cerrado and cerradão. Each inventory
should have 40 RBS plots to compare with the initial Usina Tropical study and three more Rapid
Tree Surveys.
4. Training Plan for BP field team

Training plan must be in place before the next field season to maximise the number of new
assessment made. This will be particular important for assessment of the new sites at Ituiutaba
and Itumbiara and provide an opportunity to transfer technology and skills from the
Oxford/Brasília team to BP
5. Tool production and D.Phil. student

On-line tools for site assessment and species identification will be focused on likely sugar cane-
growing regions of the cerrado. Planning for an identification guide best suited to users needs
will be undertaken (see 4 above). An Oxford-based D.Phil. student is to be interviewed in early
December with a view to starting in early February.
6. Star-rating of cerrado species

Star-ratings will be reviewed by independent experts in the Brazilian flora, where possible, and
missing ratings assessed on a case-by-case basis.
28
8 Acknowledgements
Our thanks to all of the staff at Usina Tropical who helped organize our site visits, and were so
understanding of our needs during our surveys. Thanks for undertaking the rapid botanic surveys on-
site are due to: Vicente Arcela; B.M. Castro; Clara Concha; Jair Eustáquio Quintino de Faria; Clarissa
Izetti de Mendonça; Estevão Fernandes de Souza; Stephen Harris; William Hawthorne; Cicely
Marshall; Thiago R.B. Mello; Marina Silva Melo; Vandelio C. Mendes; W. Oku; Carolyn Proença;
Priscila Reis; P.O. Rosa; Daniel Villaroel; Maria Rosa Zanatta. Thanks for plant determinations are due
to: Paulo Amorim (Cipó); Kadja Milena Bezerra (Lauraceae); João Bernardo Bringel (Asteraceae);
Claudenir Simões Caires (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae); Micheline Carvalho Silva (Piperaceae);
Christopher Fagg (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae); Pedro Fiaschi (Araliaceae); Maria das Graças
Machado de Souza (Ferns); Stephen Harris (general); Renata Correia Martins (Areacaceae); Clarissa
Izetti de Mendonça (invasives); André Moreira (Convolvulaceae); Cássia Munhoz (Melastomataceae
and Cyperaceae); Wanderson de Oliveira Alkimim (Clusiaceae); Regina Célia de Oliveira (Poaceae);
Carolyn Proença (general); Jair Eustáquio Quintino de Faria (general); Priscila Reis (Poaceae); Thais
Ribeiro (Bauhinia); Marcos José Silva (Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae-Papilionoideae); Marina Silva
Melo (general); Daniel Villaroel (general); Maria Rosa Zanatta (general).
29
Appendix A. Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira

Ameaçadas de Extinção (2008) Annex I taxa reported from
the cerrado biome in Goiás.
Amaranthaceae
Pfaffia townsendii
Anacardiaceae
Myracrodruon urundeuva
Schinopsis brasiliensis
Asteraceae
Aspilia pohlii
Lychnophora ericoides
Bignoniaceae
Jacaranda intricata
Fabaceae
Mimosa heringeri
Mimosa suburbana
Iridaceae
Trimezia pusilla
Lamiaceae
Eriope machrisae
Hyptis imbricatiformis
Hyptis pachyphylla
Hyptis penaeoides
Hyptis tagetifolia
Lentibulariaceae
Utricularia biovularioides
Lythraceae
Diplusodon ericoides
Diplusodon hatschbachii
Diplusodon panniculatus
Diplusodon retroimbricatus
Orchidaceae
Phragmipedium vittatum
Poaceae
Gymnopogon doellii
Paspalum biaristatum
Paspalum longiaristatum
Paspalum niquelandiae
Polygalaceae
Polygala franchetii
30
Appendix B. Check list of the vascular plant taxa sampled

and identified to date from the Usina Tropical site, Goiás
Ferns and fern allies40 Herreria latifolia Dioscorea sp.5
Adiantaceae [2 taxa] Dioscorea sp.6
Adiantum latifolium Bromeliaceae [5 taxa]
Adiantum sp.1 Ananas sp.1 Eriocaulaceae [7 taxa]
Ananas sp.2 Eriocaulon sp.1
Lygodiaceae [1 taxon] Tillandsia sp.1 Eriocaulon sp.2
Lygodium venustum Tillandsia sp.2 Paepalanthus sp.1
Unidentified species Syngonanthus sp.1
Pteridaceae [1 taxon] Syngonanthus sp.2
Pityrogramma calomelanos Cannaceae [1 taxon] Syngonanthus sp.3
Canna glauca Unidentified species
Thelypteridaceae [2 taxa]
Thelypteris sp.1 Commelinaceae [2 taxa] Heliconiaceae [1 taxon]
Thelypteris sp.2 Commelina sp.1 Heliconia psittacorum?
Commelina sp.2
Iridaceae [1 taxon]
Flowering plants - Costaceae [3 taxa] Sisyrinchium sp.
Costus sp.1
Monocotyledons
Costus sp.2 Juncaceae [1 taxon]
Alismataceae [4 taxa]
Costus sp.3 Juncus sp.
Echinodorus bolivianus
Echinodorus sp.1
Cyperaceae [24 taxa] Marantaceae [1 taxon]
Limnocharis flava
Cyperus sp.1 Maranta sp.1
Sagittaria guayanensis
Cyperus sp.2
Cyperus sp.3 Mayacaceae [1 taxon]
Alstroemeriaceae [1 taxon]
Cyperus sp.4 Mayaca sp.1
Alstroemeria sp.1
Cyperus sp.5
Cyperus sp.6 Orchidaceae [7 taxa]
Araceae [5 taxa]
Cyperus? sp.7 Cleistes? Sp.
Schismatoglottis sp.1
Eleocharis sp.1 Cyrtopodium paludicolum?
Spathicarpa sp.
Eleocharis sp.2 Habenaria sp.1
Urospatha sagittifolia?
Eleocharis sp.3 Oeceoclades maculata
Xanthosoma striatipes
Eleocharis sp.4 Unidentified species 1
Xanthosoma sp.1
Eleocharis sp.5 Unidentified species 2
Kyllinga pumila Unidentified species 3
Arecaceae [11 taxa]
Rhynchospora emaciata
Acrocomia aculeata
Rhynchospora globosa Poaceae [45 taxa]
Astrocaryum huaimi
Rhynchospora rugosa Andropogon bicornis
Attalea phalerata
Rhynchospora sp.1 Andropogon selloanus
Attalea sp.1
Rhynchospora sp.2 Andropogon sp.
Attalea sp.2
Rhynchospora tenuis? Andropogon virgatus
Bactris? sp.
Scleria latifolia Anthaenantiopsis
Butia sp.
Scleria sp.1 trachystachya
Mauritia flexuosa
Scleria sp.2 Arundinella hispida
Syagrus flexuosa
Scleria sp.3 Cenchrus sp.
Syagrus petraea?
Scleria sp.4 Digitaria bicornis
Unidentified species
Digitaria insularis
Dioscoreaceae [6 taxa] Echinochloa colona
Asparagaceae [1 taxon]
Dioscorea sp.1 Echinolaena inflexa
Dioscorea sp.2 Eleusine sp.
40 Dioscorea sp.3 Eriochrysis cayennensis
Unidentified taxa have been
Dioscorea sp.4 Guadua? sp.
grouped into morphospecies.
31
Hymenachne amplexicaulis Flowering plants – Aspidosperma pyrifolium

Hyparrhenia sp. Eudicots and basal Aspidosperma rigidum
Ichnanthus procurrens groups Aspidosperma subincanum
Ichnanthus sp. Aspidosperma tomentosum
Lasiacis ligulata Acanthaceae [12 taxa] Aspidosperma sp.1
Lasiacis sp. Justicia lanstyakii Aspidosperma sp.2
Melinis minutiflora Justicia sp.1 Aspidosperma sp.3
Melinis repens Justicia sp.2 Aspidosperma? sp.
Melinis sp. Justicia sp.3 Himatanthus obovatus
Olyra latifolia Justicia sp.4 Mandevilla tenuifolia
Olyra sp. Mendoncia mollis Mandevilla sp.1
Olyra? sp. Ruellia sp.1 Mesechites sp.1
Oplismenus hirtellus Ruellia sp.2 Mesechites sp.2
Panicum maximum Ruellia sp.3 Prestonia sp.1
Panicum sp. Ruellia sp.4 Prestonia sp.2
Paspalum commutatum Stenandrium sp. Secondatia densiflora
Pennisetum sp. Unidentified species Unidentified species 1
Saccharum officinarum Unidentified species 2
Saccharum sp. Amaranthaceae [7 taxa] Unidentified species 3
Schizachyrium sp. Alternanthera sp. Unidentified species 4
Setaria sp. Amaranthus viridis Unidentified species 5
Sorghum -cultvated Chenopodium brasiliensis Unidentified species 6
Sorghum sp. Gomphrena sp.1 Unidentified species 7
Trachypogon sp. Gomphrena sp.2
Urochloa sp. Pfaffia sp.1 Aquifoliaceae [2 taxa]
Unidentified species 1 Unidentified species Ilex affinis
Unidentified species 2 Ilex sp.1
Unidentified species 3 Anacardiaceae [6 taxa]
Unidentified species 4 Anacardium humile Araliaceae [6 taxa]
Unidentified species 5 Astronium fraxinifolium Dendropanax sp.
Unidentified species 6 Astronium urundeuva Schefflera calva
Lithraea molleoides Schefflera macrocarpa
Pontederiaceae [2 taxa] Myracrodruon urundeuva Schefflera morototoni
Eichhornia sp.1 Tapirira guianensis Schefflera sp.2
Unidentified species Schefflera sp.3
Annonaceae [7 taxa]
Smilacaceae [6 taxa] Annona coriacea Aristolochiaceae [2 taxa]
Smilax brasiliensis Annona sp.1 Aristolochia sp.1
Smilax cissoides Annona sp.2 Aristolochia sp.2
Smilax fluminensis Cardiopetalum calophyllum
Smilax goyazana Unonopsis guatterioides Asteraceae [74 taxa]
Smilax sp.1 Xylopia aromatica Acanthospermum hispidum
Smilax sp.2 Xylopia emarginata Achyrocline satureioides
Ageratum conyzoides
Xyridaceae [5 taxa] Apiaceae [4 taxa] Baccharis sp.1
Xyris sp.1 Eryngium ebracteatum Baccharis sp.2
Xyris sp.2 Eryngium pristis Baccharis sp.4
Xyris sp.3 Eryngium sp.1 Baccharis sp.5
Xyris sp.4 Eryngium sp.2 Baccharis sp.6
Xyris sp.5 Bidens sp.
Apocynaceae [26 taxa] Blainvillea sp.
Aspidosperma cuspa Calea? sp.
Aspidosperma Chresta curumbensis
cylindrocarpon Chromolaena ivaefolia
Aspidosperma Chromolaena maximilianii
macrocarpon Chromolaena sp.1
Chromolaena sp.2
32
Chromolaena sp.3 Unidentified species 15 Heliotropium sp.1

Chromolaena sp.4 Unidentified species 16 Unidentified species
Clibadium armani
Conyza sp.1 Bignoniaceae [42 taxa] Burseraceae [4 taxa]
Dasyphyllum brasiliense Adenocalymma nodosum Protium heptaphyllum
Dasyphyllum sp.1 Anemopaegma arvense Protium ovatum
Egletes viscosa Anemopaegma glaucum Protium spruceanum
Elephantopus sp.1 Arrabidaea brachypoda Protium sp.
Elephantopus sp.2 Arrabidaea chica?
Elephantopus sp.3 Arrabidaea corallina Cactaceae [1 taxon]
Elephantopus sp.4 Arrabidaea florida Epiphyllum phyllanthus
Elephantopus sp.5 Arrabidaea sceptrum
Emilia fosbergii Arrabidaea sp.1 Calophyllaceae [1 taxon]
Erechtites hieracifolia Arrabidaea sp.2 Calophyllum brasiliense
Gnaphalium sp. Arrabidaea sp.3
Ichthyothere sp.1 Cuspidaria sceptrum Campanulaceae [3 taxa]
Lepidaploa aurea Cybistax antisyphilitica Lobelia aquatica
Lessingianthus ammophilus Dolichandra sp.1 Lobelia sp.1
Mikania sp.1 Dolichandra unguis-cati Lobelia sp.2
Mikania sp.2 Fridericia platyphylla
Mikania sp.3 Handroanthus Cannabaceae [5 taxa]
Mikania sp.4 impetiginosus Celtis iguanaea
Mikania sp.5 Handroanthus ochraceus Celtis sp.1
Raulinoreitzia crenulata Handroanthus serratifolius Celtis sp.2
Raulinoreitzia sp. Jacaranda cuspidifolia Celtis sp.3
Stevia sp.1 Jacaranda rufa Celtis sp.4
Tilesia baccata Mussatia? sp.
Tilesia sp.1 Paragonia pyramidata Caryocaraceae [1 taxon]
Tridax procumbens Stizophyllum perforatum Caryocar brasiliense
Trixis sp. Stizophyllum sp.1
Vernonanthura brasiliana Tabebuia aurea Celastraceae [7 taxa]
Vernonanthura Tabebuia aurea? Cheiloclinium cognatum
phosphorica Tabebuia heptaphylla Hippocratea sp.
Vernonanthura rubriramea Tabebuia insignis Maytenus floribunda
Vernonanthura sp.1 Tabebuia roseoalba Maytenus sp.1
Vernonanthura sp.2 Tabebuia serratifolia Maytenus sp.2
Vernonanthura sp.3 Xylophragma pratense Peritassa sp.
Vernonia rubriramea Xylophragma sp.1 Salacia elliptica
Vernonia sp.1 Xylophragma sp.2
Vernonia sp.2 Xylophragma sp.3 Chrysobalanaceae [3 taxa]
Vernonia sp.3 Xylophragma? sp. Couepia grandiflora
Vernonia sp.4 Unidentified species 1 Hirtella gracilipes
Vernonia sp.5 Unidentified species 2 Licania humilis
Unidentified species 1 Unidentified species 3
Unidentified species 2 Unidentified species 4 Clusiaceae [1 taxon]
Unidentified species 3 Unidentified species 5 Kielmeyera coriacea
Unidentified species 5 Combretaceae [3 taxa]
Unidentified species 6 Bixaceae [1 taxon] Buchenavia? sp.
Unidentified species 7 Cochlospermum sp.1 Terminalia argentea
Unidentified species 8 Terminalia brasiliensis
Unidentified species 9 Boraginaceae [7 taxa]
Unidentified species 10 Cordia sp.1
Unidentified species 11 Cordia sp.2 Connaraceae [3 taxa]
Unidentified species 12 Cordia sp.3 Connarus suberosus
Unidentified species 13 Cordia sp.4 Rourea chrysomalla
Unidentified species 14 Cordia sp.5 Rourea induta
33
Chamaesyce? sp. Chamaecrista sp.3

Convolvulaceae [7 taxa] Cnidoscolus sp.1 Chamaecrista sp.4
Ipomea squamisepala Croton cinerellus Copaifera langsdorffii
Ipomoea cynanchifolia Croton sp.1 Crotalaria sp.1
Ipomoea sp.1 Croton sp.2 Crotalaria sp.2
Ipomoea sp.2 Jatropha elliptica Dalbergia sp.1
Ipomoea sp.3 Manihot sp.1 Desmodium sp.1
Jacquemontia sp.1 Manihot sp.2 Desmodium sp.2
Jacquemontia sp.2 Sapium glandulosum Desmodium sp.3
Sapium sp.1 Desmodium? sp.
Cucurbitaceae [9 taxa] Sapium sp.2 Dimorphandra gardneriana
Psiguria ternata Sebastiania anisodonta Dimorphandra mollis
Psiguria sp. Sebastiania ramosissima Dioclea sp.1
Unidentified species 1 Unidentified species 1 Dioclea sp.2
Unidentified species 2 Unidentified species 2 Dipteryx alata
Unidentified species 3 Unidentified species 3 Enterolobium
Unidentified species 4 Unidentified species 4 contortisiliquum
Unidentified species 5 Unidentified species 5 Eriosema sp.1
Unidentified species 6 Erythrina dominguezii
Unidentified species 7 Fabaceae [105 taxa] Galactia peduncularis
Acacia sp.1 Hymenaea courbaril
Dilleniaceae [3 taxa] Acacia sp.2 Hymenaea martiana
Curatella americana Acacia sp.3 Hymenaea stigonocarpa
Davilla elliptica Acacia sp.4 Hymenolobium? sp.
Doliocarpus dentatus Acacia sp.5 Indigofera sp.1
Acacia sp.6 Indigofera sp.2
Droseraceae [1 taxon] Aeschynomene evenia Inga alba
Drosera sp.1 Aeschynomene fluminensis Inga cylindrica
Aeschynomene sensitiva Inga ingoides
Ebenaceae [1 taxon] Aeschynomene sp. Inga laurina
Diospyros hispida Albizia niopoides Inga marginata
Albizia sp.1 Inga vera
Elaeocarpaceae [1 taxon] Anadenanthera colubrina Inga sp.
Sloanea guianensis Anadenanthera sp.1 Leptolobium dasycarpum
Anadenanthera sp.2 Leptolobium elegans
Ericaceae [1 taxon] Andira fraxinifolia Leptolobium sp.
Gaylussacia sp. Andira sp.1 Machaerium acutifolium
Andira sp.2 Machaerium amplum
Erythroxylaceae [8 taxa] Apuleia sp.1 Machaerium brasiliense
Erythroxylum amplifolium Apuleia? sp. Machaerium hirtum
Erythroxylum campestre? Bauhinia bicolor? Machaerium opacum
Erythroxylum cuneifolium Bauhinia mollis Machaerium sp.1
Erythroxylum daphnites Bauhinia pentandra Machaerium sp.2
Erythroxylum deciduum Bauhinia rufa Machaerium sp.3
Erythroxylum suberosum Bauhinia sp.1 Mimosa caesalpiniifolia
Erythroxylum sp.1 Bauhinia sp.2 Mimosa pigra
Erythroxylum sp.2 Bauhinia sp.3 Mimosa setosa
Bauhinia ungulata Mimosa somnians
Euphorbiaceae [26 taxa] Bowdichia virgilioides Mimosa sp.1
Acalypha diversifolia Calliandra parviflora Mimosa sp.2
Acalypha sp.1 Calopogonium sp.1 Ormosia fastigiata
Acalypha sp.2 Camptosema scarlatinum Plathymenia reticulata
Acalypha sp.3 Canavalia grandiflora Platymiscium floribundum
Acalypha sp.4 Centrosema macrocarpum Platypodium elegans
Alchornea sp.1 Centrosema sagittatum Pterodon emarginatus
Chamaesyce sp.1 Chamaecrista sp.1 Senegalia tenuifolia
Chamaesyce thymifolia Chamaecrista sp.2 Senna obtusifolia
34
Senna occidentalis Nectandra warmingii Peixotoa sp1

Senna velutina Nectandra sp.1 Tetrapterys ramiflora
Senna sp. Ocotea corymbosa Tetrapterys sp.1
Sesbania marginata? Ocotea minarum Tetrapterys sp.2
Stryphnodendron Ocotea velloziana Unidentified species 1
rotundifolium Ocotea sp.1 Unidentified species 2
Stylosanthes sp.1 Ocotea sp.2
Stylosanthes sp.2 Ocotea sp.3 Malvaceae [45 taxa]
Tachigali aureum Unidentified species Byttneria divaricata
Vatairea macrocarpa Byttneria ramosissima
Vigna sp.1 Lentibulariaceae [1 taxon] Byttneria scalpellata
Vigna sp.2 Utricularia sp.1 Byttneria sp.
Vigna? sp. Ceiba sp.
Unidentified species Loganiaceae [1 taxon] Eriotheca candolleana
Strychnos pseudo-quina Eriotheca gracilipes
Gentianaceae [1 taxon] Eriotheca pubescens
Calolisianthus sp. Loranthaceae [3 taxa] Eriotheca sp.1
Phthirusa sp.1 Guazuma ulmifolia
Gesneriaceae [2 taxa] Phthirusa sp.2 Helicteres brevispira
Sinningia elatior Psittacanthus robustus Helicteres lhotzkyana
Sinningia sp. Luehea candicans
Lythraceae [6 taxa] Luehea divaricata
Hydroleaceae [1 taxon] Cuphea sp.1 Luehea paniculata
Hydrolea spinosa Cuphea sp.2 Melochia sp.2
Cuphea sp.3 Pavonia sp.1
Icacinaceae [1 taxon] Cuphea sp.4 Pavonia sp.2
Emmotum nitens Cuphea sp.5 Pavonia sp.3
Diplusodon sp. Pseudobombax longiflorum
Krameriaceae [1 taxon] Pseudobombax
Krameria sp. Malpighiaceae [32 taxa] marginatum
Aspid grandiflora Pseudobombax sp.1
Lamiaceae [19 taxa] Banisteriopsis argyrophylla Pseudobombax sp.2
Aegiphila sp. Banisteriopsis campestris Pseudobombax
Amasonia sp. Banisteriopsis gardneriana tomentosum
Amasonia? sp. Banisteriopsis sp.1 Sida rufescens
Eriope crassipes Banisteriopsis sp.2 Sida sp.1
Hypenia sp.1 Byrsonima coccolobifolia Sida sp.2
Hyptis lythroides Byrsonima intermedia Sida sp.3
Hyptis sp.1 Byrsonima pachyphylla Sida sp.4
Hyptis sp.2 Byrsonima subterranea Sida sp.5
Hyptis sp.3 Byrsonima verbascifolia Sida sp.6
Hyptis sp.5 Byrsonima sp.1 Sida sp.7
Hyptis sp.6 Byrsonima sp.2 Sida sp.8
Hyptis sp.7 Diplopterys sp1 Sida sp.9
Hyptis sp.8 Heladena sp.1 Sida sp.10
Hyptis sp.9 Heladena sp.2 Sida sp.11
Hyptis sp.10 Heteropterys Sida sp.12
Hyptis sp.11 cochleosperma Sida sp.13
Hyptis sp.12 Heteropterys coriacea Sterculia striata
Vitex cymosa Heteropterys tomentosa Waltheria sp.1
Unidentified species Heteropterys sp.1 Waltheria sp.2
Heteropterys sp.2 Unidentified species 1
Lauraceae [13 taxa] Heteropterys sp.3 Unidentified species 2
Cassytha filiformis Hiraea cuiabensis Unidentified species 3
Cryptocarya sp.1 Hiraea grandifolia Unidentified species 4
Nectandra cissiflora Mascagnia cordifolia
Nectandra megapotamica Peixotoa cordistipula
35
Melastomataceae [9 taxa] Myrcia cardiaca Picramniaceae [2 taxa]

Comolia lanceiflora Myrcia guianensis Picramnia sp.
Comolia lanceiflora? Myrcia sp1 Picramnia? sp.
Leandra sp. Myrcia sp.2
Miconia albicans Myrcia splendens Piperaceae [7 taxa]
Miconia chamissois Myrcia tomentosa Piper aduncum
Rhynchanthera grandiflora Psidium guineense Piper fuligineum
Siphanthera? sp. Psidium luridum Piper macedoi
Trembleya sp. Psidium sartorianum Piper mollicomum
Trembleya? sp. Psidium sp. Piper sp.1
Piper sp.2
Meliaceae [7 taxa] Nyctaginaceae [6 taxa] Piper sp.3
Cedrela fissilis Boerhavia diffusa
Cedrela odorata Bougainvillea sp.1 Polygalaceae [3 taxa]
Guarea guidonia Guapira graciliflora Bredemeyera floribunda
Guarea kunthiana Guapira opposita Bredemeyera sp.
Trichilia catigua Neea theifera Polygala sp.
Trichilia clausseni Neea sp.1
Trichilia elegans Polygonaceae [7 taxa]
Ochnaceae [6 taxa] Coccoloba mollis
Menispermaceae [2 taxa] Ouratea castaneifolia Coccoloba sp.1
Cissampelos ovalifolia Ouratea floribunda Polygonum angustifolium
Cissampelos pareira Ouratea hexasperma Polygonum punctatum
Ouratea riedeliana Polygonum sp.1
Monimiaceae? [1 taxon] Ouratea sp.1 Triplaris americana
Unidentified species Sauvagesia racemosa Triplaris gardneriana
Moraceae [11 taxa] Olacaceae [1 taxon] Portulaceae [1 taxon]

Brosimum gaudichaudii Ximenia americana Portulaca oleracea
Cecropia pachystachya
Ficus calyptroceras Onagraceae [6 taxa] Primulaceae [4 taxa]
Ficus trigona Ludwigia decurrens Clavija nutans
Ficus sp.1 Ludwigia nervosa Myrsine guianensis
Ficus sp.2 Ludwigia sp.1 Myrsine umbellata
Ficus sp.3 Ludwigia sp.2 Myrsine sp.
Ficus sp.4 Ludwigia sp.3
Maclura tinctoria Ludwigia? sp. Proteaceae [2 taxa]
Sorocea bonplandii Euplassa inaequalis
Unidentified species Opiliaceae [1 taxon] Roupala montana
Agonandra brasiliensis
Myristicaceae [1 taxon] Rhamnaceae [4 taxa]
Virola sebifera Oxalidaceae [2 taxa] Colubrina retusa
Oxalis densifolia Gouania latifolia
Myrtaceae [23 taxa] Oxalis sp. Rhamnidium elaeocarpum
Blepharocalyx salicifolius Unidentified species
Blepharocalyx? sp. Passifloraceae [5 taxa]
Campomanesia velutina Passiflora sp.1 Rosaceae [1 taxon]
Eugenia aurata Passiflora sp.2 Prunus sp.1
Eugenia calycina Passiflora sp.3
Eugenia egensis Passiflora sp.4 Rubiaceae [33 taxa]
Eugenia flavescens Turnera oblongifolia Alibertia edulis
Eugenia florida Borreria sp.1
Eugenia paracatuana Phyllanthaceae [2 taxa] Chomelia obtusa
Eugenia prolixa Phyllanthus sp.1 Chomelia parviflora
Eugenia pyriformis Phyllanthus sp.2 Chomelia pohliana
Eugenia sp.1 Cordiera sessilis
Myrcia canescens Coussarea hydrangeifolia
36
Diodella radula Serjania caracasana Stachytarpheta? sp.1

Galianthe sp.1 Serjania erecta Unidentified species 1
Galium sp. Serjania lethalis Unidentified species 2
Genipa americana Serjania marginata
Guettarda pohliana Serjania obtusidentata Vitaceae [1 taxon]
Guettarda viburnoides Serjania ovalifolia Cissus sp.1
Machaonia acuminata Serjania perulacea
Manettia cordifolia Serjania pinnatifolia Vochysiaceae [7 taxa]
Manettia sp. Serjania reticulata Callisthene fasciculata
Palicourea coriacea Serjania trichomisca Callisthene sp.1
Palicourea rigida Serjania velutina Qualea dichotoma
Posoqueria? sp. Serjania sp.1 Qualea grandiflora
Psychotria capitata Serjania sp.2 Qualea multiflora
Psychotria carthagenensis Serjania sp.3 Qualea parviflora
Randia armata Salvertia convallariodora
Rudgea viburnoides Sapotaceae [7 taxa]
Spermacoce multiflora Chrysophyllum marginatum
Spermacoce sp.1 Pouteria gardneriana
Tocoyena formosa Pouteria glomerata
Unidentified species 1 Pouteria subcaerulea
Unidentified species 2 Pouteria torta
Unidentified species 3 Pouteria sp.
Unidentified species 4 Unidentified species
Unidentified species 5
Unidentified species 6 Scrophulariaceae [2 taxa]
Unidentified species 2
Rutaceae [8 taxa]
Pilocarpus pennatifolius Siparunaceae [1 taxon]
Zanthoxylum monogynum Siparuna guianensis
Zanthoxylum riedelianum
Zanthoxylum sp.1 Solanaceae [6 taxa]
Zanthoxylum sp.2 Cestrum sp.1
Zanthoxylum sp.3 Physalis sp.1
Unidentified species 1 Solanum lycocarpum
Unidentified species 2 Solanum sp.1
Solanum sp.2
Salicaceae [7 taxa] Solanum sp.3
Casearia arborea Solanum sp.4
Casearia gossypiosperma
Casearia sylvestris Styracaceae [1 taxon]
Casearia sp.1 Styrax ferrugineus
Casearia sp.2
Prockia crucis Symplocaceae [1 taxon]
Prockia? sp. Symplocos sp.
Santalaceae [2 taxa] Urticaceae [3 taxa]

Phoradendron Cecropia pachystachya
bathyoryctum? Cecropia sp.
Phoradendron sp. Urera caracasana
Sapindaceae [19 taxa] Verbenaceae [8 taxa]

Allophylus strictus Lippia alba
Cupania vernalis Lippia sp.1
Dilodendron bipinnatum Lippia sp.2
Magonia pubescens Petrea sp.1
Matayba guianensis Stachytarpheta sp.2
37
Appendix C: Black and Gold Star flowering plants reported

from Goiás
Black Star taxa Eriocaulaceae

Acanthaceae Eriocaulon burchellii Ruhland
Stenandrium goiasense Wassh. Eriocaulon papillosum Körn.
Stenandrium irwinii Wassh. Paepalanthus cordatus Ruhland
Paepalanthus urbanianus Ruhland
Amaranthaceae
Froelichiella grisea R.E.Fr. Fabaceae
Gomphrena hermogenesii J.C.Siqueira Aeschynomene graminoides G.P.Lewis
Pfaffia minarum Pedersen Aeschynomene simplicifolia G.P.Lewis
Bauhinia candelabriformis R.S.Cowan
Annonaceae Bauhinia malacotrichoides R.S.Cowan
Duguetia rotundifolia R.E.Fr. Calliandra gardneri Benth.
Chamaecrista altoana (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Apocynaceae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Ditassa emmerichii Fontella Chamaecrista caiapo (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Araceae Chamaecrista coriacea (Bong. ex Benth.)
Xanthosoma riparium E.G.Gonç. H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Chamaecrista gymnothyrsa (H.S.Irwin &
Asteraceae Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Aspilia goiazensis J.U.Santos Chamaecrista lavradioides (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Aspilia podophylla Baker Barneby
Aspilia pohlii (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) Baker Chamaecrista leucopilis (Glaz. ex Harms)
Bidens edentula G.M.Barroso H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Calea abbreviata Pruski & Urbatsch Chamaecrista macedoi (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Calea irwinii G.M.Barroso H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Dimerostemma grazielae H.Rob. Chamaecrista ochrosperma (H.S.Irwin &
Gardnerina angustata (Gardner) R.M.King & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
H.Rob. Chamaecrista pachyclada (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Ichthyothere connata S.F.Blake Barneby
Ichthyothere elliptica H.Rob. Chamaecrista polymorpha (Glaz. ex Harms)
Richterago petiolata Roque & J.N.Nakaj. H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Viguiera hispida Baker Chamaecrista psoraleopsis (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Wedelia souzae H.Rob. H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Chamaecrista strictula (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Balanophoraceae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Lophophytum rizzoi Delprete Crotalaria goiasensis Windler & S.G.Skinner
Crotalaria irwinii Windler & S.G.Skinner
Bignoniaceae Mimosa cryptothamnos Barneby
Jacaranda intricata A.H.Gentry & Morawetz Mimosa cyclophylla Taub.
Jacaranda racemosa Cham. Mimosa decorticans Barneby
Mimosa humivagans Barneby
Clusiaceae Mimosa laniceps Barneby
Kielmeyera similis Saddi Mimosa manidea Barneby
Mimosa oligosperma Barneby
Convolvulaceae Mimosa pycnocoma Benth.
Evolvulus chapadensis Glaz. ex Ooststr. Mimosa pyrenea Taub.
Mimosa regina Barneby
Curcurbitaceae Mimosa setosissima Taub.
Cayaponia rugosa Gomes-Klein & Pirani Mimosa splendida Barneby
Mimosa suburbana Barneby
38
Mimosa ulei Taub. var. grallator Barneby Diplusodon petiolatus T.B.Cavalc.

Mimosa ulei Taub. var. ulei Diplusodon plumbeus T.B.Cavalc.
Mimosa virgula Barneby Diplusodon pygmaeus T.B.Cavalc.
Zornia glaziovii Harms Diplusodon retroimbricatus Koehne
Diplusodon rosmarinifolius A.St.-Hil.
Iridaceae Diplusodon sigillatus Lourteig
Trimezia pusilla Ravenna Diplusodon sordidus Koehne
Diplusodon thysanosepalus Lourteig
Lamiaceae
Eriope machrisae (Epling) Harley Malpighiaceae
Hypenia aristulata (Epling) Harley Banisteriopsis goiana B.Gates
Hypenia crispata (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley Banisteriopsis hatschbachii B.Gates
Hypenia paradisi (Harley) Harley Banisteriopsis hirsuta B.Gates
Hypenia subrosea (Harley) Harley Byrsonima cordifolia W.R.Anderson
Hyptidendron dictiocalyx (Benth.) Harley Camarea humifusa W.R.Anderson
Hyptis angustifolia Pohl ex Benth. Peixotoa anadenanthera C.E.Anderson
Hyptis asteroides A.St.-Hil. ex Benth. Peixotoa axillaris C.E.Anderson
Hyptis caprariifolia Pohl ex Benth. Peixotoa gardneri C.E.Anderson
Hyptis colligata Epling & Játiva Peixotoa hatschbachii C.E.Anderson
Hyptis cruciformis Epling
Hyptis dictyodea Pohl ex Benth. Melastomataceae
Hyptis digitata Harley Cambessedesia atropurpurea A.B.Martins
Hyptis frondosa S.Moore Cambessedesia glaziovii Cogn. ex A.B.Martins
Hyptis hamatidens Epling & Játiva Chaetostoma flavum C.Koschnitzke &
Hyptis heterophylla Benth. A.B.Martins
Hyptis imbricatiformis Harley Chaetostoma scoparium Cogn.
Hyptis nivea Epling Chaetostoma selagineum (Naudin) C.Koschnitzke
Hyptis pachyphylla Epling & A.B.Martins
Hyptis penaeoides Taub. ex Ule Chaetostoma stenocladon (Naudin)
Hyptis tagetifolia Harley C.Koschnitzke & A.B.Martins
Microlicia crebropunctata Pilg.
Lentibulariaceae Microlicia macedoi L.B.Sm. & Wurdack
Utricularia huntii P.Taylor Microlicia melanostagma Pilg.
Microlicia ordinata (Wurdack) Almeda &
Loranthaceae A.B.Martins
Struthanthus planaltinae Rizzini Microlicia psammophila Wurdack
Lythraceae Ochnaceae
Cuphea cunninghamiifolia T.B.Cavalc. Sauvagesia lanceolata Sastre
Cuphea potamophila T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham Thelyschista ghillanyi (Pabst) Garay
Diplusodon adpressipilus Lourteig
Diplusodon alatus T.B.Cavalc. Oxalidaceae
Diplusodon appendiculosus Lourteig Oxalis pretoensis Lourteig
Diplusodon argenteus Lourteig Oxalis veadeirosensis Lourteig
Diplusodon chapadensis T.B.Cavalc.
Diplusodon decussatus Gardner Plantaginaceae
Diplusodon ericoides Lourteig Angelonia pratensis Gardner ex Benth.
Diplusodon floribundus Pohl Philcoxia goiasensis P.Taylor
Diplusodon grahamae T.B.Cavalc.
Diplusodon hatschbachii Lourteig Poaceae
Diplusodon heringeri Lourteig Altoparadisium chapadense Filg. et al.
Diplusodon kielmeyeroides var. macrocalyx Guadua magna Londoño & Filg.
T.B.Cavalc. Guadua virgata (Trin.) Rupr.
Diplusodon leucocalycinus Lourteig Mesosetum agropyroides Mez
Diplusodon longipes Koehne Mesosetum longiaristatum Filg.
Diplusodon nigricans Koehne Ophiochloa bryoides G.H.Rua & R.C.Oliveira
Diplusodon panniculatus Koehne Ophiochloa hydrolithica Filg. et al.
39
Otachyrium piligerum Send. & Soderstr. Xyris jataiana Kral & Wand.
Panicum ephemeroides Zuloaga & Morrone Xyris lanuginosa Seub.
Paspalum biaristatum Filg. & Davidse Xyris paradisiaca Wand.
Paspalum burmanii Filg. et al. Xyris pranceana Kral & Wand.
Paspalum filgueirasii Morrone & Zuloaga Xyris veruina Malme
Paspalum longiaristatum Davidse & Filg. Xyris vestita Malme
Paspalum niquelandiae Filg.
Paspalum petrense A.G.Burm.
Paspalum vallsii R.C.Oliveira & G.H.Rua Gold Star taxa
Rheochloa scabrifolia Filg. et al. Acanthaceae
Sporobolus paucifolius Boechat & Longhi-Wagner Justicia chrysotrichoma Pohl ex Nees
Triraphis devia Filg. & Zuloaga Justicia clivalis Wassh.
Justicia irwinii Wassh.
Polygalaceae Justicia pycnophylla Lindau
Polygala franchetii Chodat Justicia sarothroides Lindau
Polygala malmeana Chodat Lepidagathis cyanea (Leonard) Kameyama
Polygala marquesiana J.F.B.Pastore & T.B.Cavalc. Ruellia adenocalyx Lindau
Polygala patens J.F.B.Pastore & Marques Ruellia hapalotricha Lindau
Polygala suganumae J.F.B.Pastore & Marques
Alstroemeriaceae
Rubiaceae Alstroemeria Brasiliensis Spreng.
Borreria gracillima DC. Alstroemeria orchidioides Meerow
Borreria irwiniana E.L.Cabral Alstroemeria punctata Ravenna
Galianthe macedoi E.L.Cabral Alstroemeria stenopetala Schenk
Santalaceae Amaryllidaceae
Phoradendron anamariae Rizzini Griffinia nocturna Ravenna
Hippeastrum goianum (Ravenna) Meerow
Turneraceae Hippeastrum leucobasis (Ravenna) Dutilh
Piriqueta caiapoensis Arbo
Piriqueta cristobaliae Arbo Annonaceae
Piriqueta densiflora Urb. var. densiflora Annona burchellii R.E.Fr.
Piriqueta densiflora Urb. var. goiasensis Arbo Duguetia glabriuscula (R.E.Fr.) R.E.Fr.
Piriqueta emasensis Arbo
Turnera discolor Urb. Apiaceae
Turnera foliosa Urb. Eryngium brasiliense Constance
Turnera pinifolia Cambess.
Turnera riedeliana Urb. Apocynaceae
Barjonia grazielae Marquete
Velloziaceae Mandevilla myriophylla (Taub. ex Ule) Woodson
Barbacenia andersonii L.B.Sm. & Ayensu Marsdenia neomanarae Morillo
Barbacenia cylindrica L.B.Sm. & Ayensu
Vellozia exilis Goethart & Henrard Aquifoliaceae
Vellozia sessilis L.B.Sm. ex Mello-Silva Ilex suber Loes.
Verbenaceae Araceae
Lippia gardneriana Schauer Philodendron flumineum E.G.Gonç.
Lippia grandiflora Mart. & Schauer Philodendron mayoi E.G.Gonç.
Lippia macedoi Moldenke
Stachytarpheta integrifolia (Pohl) Walp. Arecaceae
Attalea Brasiliensis Glassman
Violaceae Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Becc.
Hybanthus strigoides Taub.
Aristolochiaceae
Xyridaceae Aristolochia filipendulina Duch.
Xyris diaphanobracteata Kral & Wand.
Xyris goyazensis Malme
40
Asteraceae Paepalanthus elongatus var. niger Moldenke

Austroeupatorium albescens (Gardner) R.M.King Paepalanthus extremensis Silveira
& H.Rob. Paepalanthus phaeocephalus Ruhland
Calea quadrifolia Pruski & Urbatsch Paepalanthus scandens Ruhland
Calea sickii (G.M.Barroso) Urbatsch et al.
Eitenia polyseta R.M.King & H.Rob. Euphorbiaceae
Goyazianthus tetrastichus (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & Bernardia similis Pax & K.Hoffm.
H.Rob. Manihot nogueirae Allem
Grazielia bishopii R.M.King & H.Rob.
Gymnocondylus galeopsifolius (Gardner) Fabaceae
R.M.King & H.Rob. Bauhinia malacotricha Harms
Ichthyothere linearis (Benth.) Baker Chamaecrista benthamiana (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Lessingianthus eitenii (H.Rob.) H.Rob. Barneby
Lessingianthus secundus (Sch.Bip. ex Baker) Chamaecrista bifoliola (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
H.Rob. Barneby
Mikania bishopii R.M.King & H.Rob. Chamaecrista brachyblepharis (Harms) H.S.Irwin
Mikania goyazensis (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob. & Barneby
Mikania macedoi G.M.Barroso Chamaecrista chaetostegia (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Mikania teixeirae R.M.King & H.Rob. H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. obolaria (H.S.Irwin &
Trichogonia prancei G.M.Barroso Barne
Wedelia kirkbridei H.Rob. Chamaecrista elachistophylla (Harms) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby
Bromeliaceae Chamaecrista foederalis (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Bromelia goyazensis Mez H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Dyckia brasiliana L.B.Sm. Chamaecrista harmsiana H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Dyckia dawsonii L.B.Sm. Chamaecrista imbricans (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Dyckia machrisiana L.B.Sm. H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Encholirium eddie-estevesii Leme & Forzza Chamaecrista incurvata (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Pitcairnia ulei L.B.Sm. Barneby var. incurvata
Chamaecrista lavradiiflora (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Burseraceae Barneby
Protium dawsonii Cuatrec. Chamaecrista longicuspis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Chrysobalanaceae Chamaecrista mollicaulis (Harms) H.S.Irwin &
Licania araneosa Taub. Barneby
Chamaecrista nanodes (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
Commelinaceae H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Tripogandra elata D.R.Hunt Chamaecrista scabra (Pohl ex Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby
Connaraceae Eriosema brachyrhachis Harms
Rourea chrysomalla Glaz. ex G.Schellenb. Eriosema cupreum Harms
Eriosema glaziovii Harms
Convolvulaceae Eriosema laxiflorum Harms
Evolvulus rariflorus (Meisn.) Ooststr. Eriosema prorepens Benth.
Ipomoea geophilifolia K. Afzel. Galactia lamprophylla Harms
Galactia stereophylla Harms
Ericaceae Hymenolobium heringeranum Rizzini
Gaylussacia goyazensis Sleumer Lupinus insignis Glaz. ex C.P.Sm.
Mimosa capito Barneby
Eriocaulaceae Mimosa claussenii Benth. var. claussenii
Paepalanthus acanthophyllus Ruhland Mimosa claussenii var. claviceps Barneby
Paepalanthus canescens (Bong.) Körn. var. Mimosa claussenii var. corneiseta Barneby
atratus Moldenke Mimosa claussenii var. dolichopoda Barneby
Paepalanthus elongatus (Bong.) Körn. var. Mimosa claussenii var. megistophylla Barneby
elongatus Mimosa claussenii var. microphyllidia Barneby
Paepalanthus elongatus var. longibracteatus Mimosa claussenii var. prorsiseta Barneby
Moldenke Mimosa claussenii var. pumila Barneby
41
Mimosa claussenii var. vespertilionis Barneby Lythraceae

Mimosa densa Benth. var. alligantina Barneby Cuphea ferruginea Pohl ex Koehne
Mimosa densa Benth. var. densa Cuphea filiformis T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham
Mimosa dicerastes Barneby Cuphea gardneri Koehne
Mimosa dominarum Barneby Cuphea pohlii Lourteig
Mimosa eriorrhachis Barneby Cuphea spermacoce var. arguta T.B.Cavalc. &
Mimosa flavocaesia Barneby S.A.Graham
Mimosa gatesiae Barneby Cuphea spermacoce A.St.-Hil. var. erectifolia
Mimosa hapaloclada Malme (Koehne) T.B.Cavalc. & S.A.Graham
Mimosa hypnodes Barneby Cuphea spermacoce A.St.-Hil. var. spermacoce
Mimosa lanuginosa Glaz. ex Burkart var. Diplusodon capitalensis T.B.Cavalc.
lanuginosa Diplusodon marginatus Pohl
Mimosa longepedunculata Taub. Diplusodon sessiliflorus Koehne
Mimosa nycteridis Barneby
Mimosa oedoclada Barneby Malpighiaceae
Mimosa papposa Benth. var. papposa Banisteriopsis irwinii B.Gates
Mimosa papposa Benth. var. segrex Barneby Banisteriopsis latifolia (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Mimosa petiolaris Benth. Heteropterys pannosa Griseb.
Mimosa phyllodinea Benth. var. phyllodinea Thryallis parviflora C.E.Anderson
Mimosa procurrens Benth.
Mimosa pseudofoliolosa Barneby Malvaceae
Mimosa pseudoradula Glaz. ex Barneby var. Byttneria glazioui Hochr.
anapolitana Barneby Byttneria jaculifolia Pohl
Mimosa pseudoradula var. crystallites Barneby Helicteres andersonii Cristóbal
Mimosa pseudoradula var. detonsa Barneby Hibiscus capitalensis Krapov. & Fryxell
Mimosa pseudoradula var. pseudoradula Hibiscus pohlii Gürke
Mimosa pumilio Barneby Luehea crispa Krapov.
Mimosa rheiptera Barneby Pavonia pohlii Gürke
Mimosa rhodostegia Barneby Phragmocarpidium heringeri Krapov.
Mimosa somnambulans Barneby
Mimosa speciosissima Taub. Melastomataceae
Mimosa venatorum Barneby Lavoisiera quinquenervis Wurdack
Mimosa verecunda Benth. Microlicia denudata Cogn.
Stryphnodendron confertum Heringer & Rizzini Stenodon suberosus Naudin
Stryphnodendron pumilum Glaz. Tibouchina laevicaulis Cogn. ex Wurdack
Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo
Lamiaceae Tibouchina parviflora Cogn.
Eriope complicata Mart. ex Benth.
Eriope simplex (A.St.-Hil. ex Benth.) Harley Moraceae
Hypenia brachystachys (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley Dorstenia heringeri Carauta & C.Valente
Hyptidendron caudatum (Epling & Játiva) Harley Ficus rupicola C.C.Berg & Carauta
Hyptis adpressa A.St.-Hil.
Hyptis hilarii Benth. Myrtaceae
Hyptis lythroides Pohl ex Benth. Eugenia hilariana DC.
Hyptis saxatilis A.St.-Hil. ex Benth. Eugenia sonderiana O.Berg
Hyptis tacianae Harley Myrcia brasiliae Mattos & Legrand
Salvia calcicola Harley Psidium canum Mattos
Psidium lourteigiae D.Legrand
Lauraceae
Endlicheria lhotzkyi (Nees) Mez Ochnaceae
Persea fusca Mez var. angustifolia Mez Luxemburgia macedoi Dwyer
Persea fusca Mez var. fusca
Orchidaceae
Loranthaceae Epidendrum cryptoglossum Pabst
Struthanthus andersonii Kuijt Habenaria egleriana J.A.N.Batista & Bianchetti
Pelexia goyazensis (Cogn.) Garay
Sauvetrea laevilabris (Lindl.) M.A.Blanco
42
Oxalidaceae Xyridaceae
Oxalis cordata A.St.-Hil. Xyris dawsonii L.B.Sm. & Downs
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus websterianus Steyerm.
Poaceae
Oncorachis macrantha (Trin.) Morrone & Zuloaga
Panicum mystasipum Zuloaga & Morrone
Paspalum goyasense Davidse et al.
Paspalum reduncum Nees ex Steud.
Sporobolus apiculatus Boechat & Longhi-Wagner
Trachypogon macroglossus Trin.
Polygalaceae
Monnina martiana Klotzsch ex A.W.Benn.
Polygala ceciliana Marques & J.F.B.Pastore
Polygala rigida A.St.-Hil. & Moq.
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton sclerocarpus K.Schum.
Rubiaceae
Manettia irwinii Steyerm.
Mitracarpus recurvatus Standl.
Psyllocarpus phyllocephalus K.Schum.
Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja brachiata Cham. & Schltdl.
Turneraceae
Piriqueta breviseminata Arbo
Turnera arcuata Urb.
Turnera crulsii Urb.
Turnera purpurascens Arbo
Velloziaceae
Barbacenia flavida Goethart & Henrard
Barbacenia nigrimarginata L.B.Sm.
Vellozia gurkenii L.B.Sm.
Verbenaceae
Lippia nana Schauer
Lippia possensis Moldenke
Stachytarpheta longispicata (Pohl) S.Atkins
subsp. longispicata
Stachytarpheta longispicata var. andersonii
(Moldenke) S.Atkins
Stachytarpheta longispicata (Pohl) S.Atkins var.
longipedicellata (Moldenke) S.Atkins
Stachytarpheta longispicata (Pohl) S.Atkins var.
parvifolia (Moldenke) S.Atkins
Stachytarpheta villosa (Pohl) Cham.
Vochysiaceae
Vochysia pruinosa Pohl
43
Appendix D. Tree/ shrub species present at the Usina Tropical site which should be
considered for use as part of regeneration programmes.
Species Common Brazilian distribution Habitat Ecology Fruiting Seeds/ Seed

-1
name period fruits kg germination
(%)
Astronium Gonçalo- Minas Gerais to Pará Cerrados of Central Brazil, Small insect pollinated; wind October- c. 35,500 >80%
fraxinifolium alves bordering the Amazon dispersal requires special November
Schott. techniques for seed collecting
Campomanesia Gabiroba Eastern and Central Brazil, Gallery forests, deciduous Bee-pollinated and bird and October Unknown Unknown
velutina (Cambess.) in Bahia, Minas Gerais, forests and savanna mammal dispersed. Fruits are
O.Berg Goiás and Mato Grosso do woodland also consumed by people
Sul
Copaifera Copaíba Southern Cerrados from Semi-deciduous forests Insect pollinated and bird- August- 1,720 >60%.
langsdorffii Desf. Goiás to Paraná and gallery forests of the dispersed. September
Rio Paraná basin
Oil has cultural importance.
Cordia alliodora Western Amazonia and Semi-deciduous forests; Insect pollinated and wind July- 42,000 <50%.
Cham. Western Cerrado mesotrophic indicator dispersed. September
species.
Dilodendron Mulher- Central Brazil from São Semi-deciduous forest Insect-pollinated and September- 2,240 High
bipinnatum Radlk. pobre Paulo to Mato Grosso dispersed by small mammals. mid- germination
November rates
44

-1
(%)
Dipteryx alata Baru Widespread from Amazonia Cerrado and mesophytic Insect-pollinated; mammal- January- 700 Seed difficult to
Vogel to São Paulo forest. dispersed. March isolate from
fruit.
VULNERABLE
Guazuma ulmifolia Mutamba Widespread. Broadleaf semi-deciduous Small-insect-pollinated; August- 164,000 Low
Lam. forests. mammal-dispersed. September germination
rates.
Jacaranda Jacarandá- Central and Southern Brazil, Dry, broadleaf semi- Large bee pollinated; seeds August- 33,000 Seedlings are
cuspidifolia Mart. mimoso from Paraná to Mato deciduous forests of the wind-dispersed. September slow to
Grosso. Rio Paraná basin. develop.
Myracrodruon Aroeira Northeastern Brazil (Ceará) Caatinga, cerrado to Small-insect-pollinated; wind- September- 65,000 >80%
urundeuva Allemão to the south (Paraná); rainforests (>2,000 mm dispersed. Special techniques October
common in central Brazil annual precipitation). needed for seed collecting.
ENDANGERED (Goiás and Mato Grosso do Mesotrophic indicator
Sul). species.
Myrcia tomentosa Araçá-do- Widespread in South Savanna woodlands and Bee-pollinated; bird-dispersed December- 3,700 Low
(Aubl.) DC. mato America forests. January germination
rates.
Ormosia fastigiata Tento Central and Southeastern Gallery forests. Bee-pollinated; bird- August- 980 >50%.
Tul. Brazil dispersed. Seeds used locally September
in games and necklaces.
Platypodium Jacarandá- Widespread Savanna woodlands and Bee-pollinated; wind- September- 840 c. 51%
elegans Vogel bico-de-pato forests dispersed. November
45

-1
(%)
Rhamnidium Widely distributed from Semi-deciduous forest, Insect-pollinated; bird- December- 18,500 c. 100% for
elaeocarpum northeast to southern Brazil gallery forests and dispersed March fresh seed
Reissek rainforest
Trichilia pallida Amazonia to southern Brazil Gallery forest and Bee-pollinated; bird-dispersed December- 14,000 Unknown
Swartz (Paraná). rainforest March
Vernonanthura Assa-peixe Widely distributed, except Savannas and Pantanal Butterfly- and bee-pollinated. July-August Unknown Seeds
ferruginea (Less.) in the Amazon. Mass-flowering species. An germinate
H. Rob. important nectar resource for quickly
bees and rapidly growing
pioneer species.
Vitex cymosa Tarumã Amazonia to São Paulo and Gallery forests and várzea Butterfly- and small-bee- November- 1,850 Moderate
Bertero ex Spreng. Mato Grosso do Sul. forests of Pantanal pollinated; bird-dispersed. January germination
rates
Xylopia aromática Pimenta-de- Central Brazil, from São Southern cerrados to Beetle pollinated; bird- April-July 11,500 Seedlings are
(Lam.) Mart. macaco Paulo to Mato Grosso Amazonian fringe dispersed. slow to develop
Green pods used as animal

food
46

Plant biodiversity report on Usina Tropical sugar cane plantation

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Plant biodiversity report on Usina Tropical sugar cane plantation

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Confidential Plant biodiversity at Usina Tropical

1 Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Brazilian biomes

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the

2.2 Cerrado conservation

3. Report on the conservation status of plants at the Usina Tropical site.

5. Report on the strategic work undertaken as part of the project.

Fig. 2. Landscape map of the Usina

Fig. 3. Landscape map of the Fazenda

Fig. 4. Landscape map of the Fazenda

4.1 Cerrado-level investigation

4.2 Local-level investigations

Proportion of state covered by biome (%)

found in state (%)

4.3 Star-rating and bioquality

Fig. 7. Cerrado connectivity graph showing

5.1 Usina Tropical in the context of the cerrado biome

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution (mapped

5.2 Vegetation at the Usina Tropical site

Nursery Scientific name Number of Native (N)/ Found at Usina

5.3 Star-rating of the cerrado flora

5.4 Changes to the Brazilian Código Florestal

1. Trees for reforestation

2. Conservation assessment of Usina Tropical site

3. Assessment of existing and new sites

In addition, the following should be undertaken:

4. Training Plan for BP field team

5. Tool production and D.Phil. student

6. Star-rating of cerrado species

Appendix A. Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira

Appendix B. Check list of the vascular plant taxa sampled

Hymenachne amplexicaulis Flowering plants – Aspidosperma pyrifolium

Chromolaena sp.3 Unidentified species 15 Heliotropium sp.1

Chamaesyce? sp. Chamaecrista sp.3

Senna occidentalis Nectandra warmingii Peixotoa sp1

Melastomataceae [9 taxa] Myrcia cardiaca Picramniaceae [2 taxa]

Moraceae [11 taxa] Olacaceae [1 taxon] Portulaceae [1 taxon]

Diodella radula Serjania caracasana Stachytarpheta? sp.1

Santalaceae [2 taxa] Urticaceae [3 taxa]

Sapindaceae [19 taxa] Verbenaceae [8 taxa]

Appendix C: Black and Gold Star flowering plants reported

Black Star taxa Eriocaulaceae

Mimosa ulei Taub. var. grallator Barneby Diplusodon petiolatus T.B.Cavalc.

Asteraceae Paepalanthus elongatus var. niger Moldenke

Mimosa claussenii var. vespertilionis Barneby Lythraceae

Species Common Brazilian distribution Habitat Ecology Fruiting Seeds/ Seed

Species Common Brazilian distribution Habitat Ecology Fruiting Seeds/ Seed

Species Common Brazilian distribution Habitat Ecology Fruiting Seeds/ Seed

Green pods used as animal

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