Unit 5

SCADA
 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition)
 Supervisory
• Operator/s, engineer/s, supervisor/s, etc

 Control
• Monitoring
• Limited
• Telemetry
• Remote/Local

 Data acquisition
• Access and acquire information\data from the equipment
• Sends it to different sites through telemetry
• Analog / Digital
 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition)
• SCADA refers to a system that collects data from various sensors at a
factory, plant or in other remote locations and then sends this data
to a central computer which then manages and controls the data.

• SCADA systems are used not only in industrial processes: e.g. steel
making, power generation and distribution, chemistry, but also in
some experimental facilities such as nuclear fusion.

• SCADA systems are used to monitor or to control chemical or

transport processes in municipal water supply systems, to control
electric power generation, transmission and distribution, gas and oil
pipelines, and other distributed processes.
• Elements of a SCADA system

• Sensors and actuators

• RTUs/PLCs
• Communication n/w
• Processor
• SCADA server
• Safety Server
• HMI computer
• HMI software
Types of sensors:
• Pressure sensors
• Temperature sensors
• Light sensors
• Humidity sensors
• Wind speed sensors
• Water level sensors
• Distance sensors

Actuators:
• Valves
• Pumps
• Motors
Applications
 RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)
• RTU is a device installed at a remote location that collects data,
codes the data into a format that is transmittable and transmits
the data back to a central station, or master.

• An RTU also collects information from the master device and

implements processes that are directed by the master.

• RTUs are equipped with input channels for sensing, output

channels for control, indication/alarms and a communications
port.
RTU
SCADA Architecture
MODBUS
Fieldbus
CAN (Control Area Network)
PROFIBUS
SCADA Functions
 RTES (Real Time Embedded System)
• Real-time systems are systems that monitor, respond to, or control an
external environment. This environment is connected to the system
through sensors, actuators, and other input-output interfaces. It may
consist of physical or biological objects of any form and structure.

• The system must meet various timing and other constraints that are
imposed on it by the real-time behaviour of the external world to
which it is interfaced. Hence comes the name real time. Another
name for many of these systems is reactive systems, because their
primary purpose is to respond to or react to signals from their
environment.

• A real-time computer system may be a component of a larger system

in which it is embedded; reasonably, such a computer component is
called an embedded system.
DSP
 What is a DSP?
• Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice, audio,
video, temperature, pressure, or position that have been digitized and
then mathematically manipulate them. A DSP is designed for performing
mathematical functions like "add", "subtract", "multiply" and "divide" very
quickly.
• Signals need to be processed so that the information that they contain can
be displayed, analyzed, or converted to another type of signal that may be
of use. In the real-world, analog products detect signals such as sound,
light, temperature or pressure and manipulate them. Converters such as
an Analog-to-Digital converter then take the real-world signal and turn it
into the digital format of 1's and 0's. From here, the DSP takes over by
capturing the digitized information and processing it. It then feeds the
digitized information back for use in the real world. It does this in one of
two ways, either digitally or in an analog format by going through a
Digital-to-Analog converter. All of this occurs at very high speeds.
• To illustrate this concept, the diagram below shows how a DSP is used in
an MP3 audio player. During the recording phase, analog audio is input
through a receiver or other source. This analog signal is then converted to
a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter and passed to the DSP.
The DSP performs the MP3 encoding and saves the file to memory. During
the playback phase, the file is taken from memory, decoded by the DSP
and then converted back to an analog signal through the digital-to-analog
converter so it can be output through the speaker system. In a more
complex example, the DSP would perform other functions such as volume
control, equalization and user interface.
• A DSP's information can be used by a computer to control such things as
security, telephone, home theater systems, and video compression.
Signals may be compressed so that they can be transmitted quickly and
more efficiently from one place to another (e.g. teleconferencing can
transmit speech and video via telephone lines). Signals may also be
enhanced or manipulated to improve their quality or provide information
that is not sensed by humans (e.g. echo cancellation for cell phones or
computer-enhanced medical images). Although real-world signals can be
processed in their analog form, processing signals digitally provides the
advantages of high speed and accuracy.
VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word)
• Very long instruction word (VLIW) refers to processor
architectures designed to take advantage of instruction
level parallelism (ILP). Whereas conventional processors
mostly allow programs only to specify instructions that
will be executed in sequence, a VLIW processor allows
programs to explicitly specify instructions that will be
executed at the same time (that is, in parallel).

• This type of processor architecture is intended to allow

higher performance without the inherent complexity of
some other approaches.
 Instruction-level parallelism (ILP)
• Instruction-level parallelism (ILP) is a measure
of how many of the operations in a computer
program can be performed simultaneously. The
potential overlap among instructions is called
instruction level parallelism.
• There are two approaches to instruction level
parallelism:
• Hardware
• Software
VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word)
 SCADA server
SCADA Server

 It can be a Web server

 Data logging
 Analyzing data
 Serve the clients through a firewall
 Clients connected in the corporation or connected
outside through internet
 Real-time decision maker
 Asks RTU for information
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 Historical server
Historical/Safety/Redundant Server

 Logs the data from the SCADA server and

stores it as a backup, in case of a disaster
 It is basically a safety server

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 HMI Computer
Human Machine Interface Computer

 Access on the SCADA Server

 Control the system
 Operator Interface
 Software
 User friendly
 Programmable (C, C++)

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 DCS
DCS – Distributed Control System

 Process oriented – tendency to do something

 Not event oriented – does not depend on circumstances
 Local control over the devices
 Subordinate to SCADA

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 DCS
• DCSs, today are distributed computing platforms with sufficient performance
to support large-scale real-time process applications.
• Structurally DCSs traditionally are organized into five major subsystems,
namely (1) operations workstations that act as the MMI and provide
visualization capability, (2) controller subsystems that perform direct digital
control, (3) data collection subsystems, (4) process computing subsystems for
process optimization and supervision, and (5) communication networks.
• Open system communication standards are enabling DCSs to receive
information from a set of similar compatible computing platforms, including
business, laboratory information, maintenance, and other plant systems as
well as to provide information in support of applications, such as:
– Automated warehousing and packaging line systems so that a complete
order can be coordinated from the receipt of raw materials to the
shipment of the final product. Laboratory information management
systems (LIMs), which perform in-process analysis as well as quality
assurance inspections.
– Automated production scheduling for a plant accessing the business
system and tying into MRP II systems and finite-capacity scheduling
packages.