Conjunctions

• The word that connects two or more sentences are called

conjunctions.
• There are mainly three types of conjunctions.
• 1] Coordinating Conjunction
• For, And, Nor, But, Or, So, Yet
• 2] Correlative Conjunction
• Both-and, Either..or, neither..nor, Not only..But also, Whether..or,
No sooner…than, Rather…than, Scarcely…when, Not..but
• 3] Subordinating Conjunction
• After, Although, As, As if, As long as, As soon as, Once, As
though, Before, Because, By the time, Even if, Even though, If, In
order to, In case, Only if, Provided that, Since, That, Till, Until,
Unless, Wh-conjunctions, Lest.
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• They are used to join the words, clauses or phrases of equal
grammatical sentences.
• 1] And
• It is used to connect the words and parts of sentence.
• Can he read and write ?
• I will make Maggie and you will make pasta.
• Do not write words like TO and MY twice when you are
combining sentence with AND.
• For example
• My father and mother….here MY word is applicable to both
father and mother so do not write it twice.
• In same way.
• I like to play and dance…here also you do not need to wrote
TO word twice.
• 2] But
• It used to link the contrasting ideas.
• Contrasting means opposite.
• For example
• Main idea = I love fruits
• Contrast = I am allergic to strawberry.
• I love fruits but I am allergic to strawberry.
• They have bought new house but the have not sold their old
one.
• I like to play cricket but not in the rainy season.
• Second use of But is Except
• For example
• I think I have carried all the things but passport.
• I have cleaned whole house but floor.
• Everybody but I have not attended the party.
• 3] Or
• It is used to connect possibilities or choices.
• Would you like to have tea or coffee ?
• Which color do you like red, green or orange.
• India might have attacked China or banned its all
product.
• 4] For
• As a conjunction FOR means Because.
• But it is more formal and less common than Because.
• For example
• He is very hungry, for he ate early in the morning.
• We were listening to him, for he brought the news of
our family.
• 5] Nor
• It is used to combine two Negative sentence.
• He does not like tea nor coffee.
• I was nor at the party nor at home.
• I have not attended school nor college.
• 6] So
• First = it is used to show the reason or consequence of something.
• I was ill, so I went to doctor.
• I know that you are going to come, so I bought fruits for you.
• Therefore/Hence can also be written here. They have the same meaning.
• Second = it describes the term ‘to greater extent’
• Maths paper was so difficult.
• I have eaten so much fruits.
• Third = it used to introduce next part of event or story.
• So, now let’s welcome group B.
• Fourth = it is used to make a final statement.
• So, it is final that we are going to Goa after normalcy.
• 7] Yet
• It is used to combine the contrasting ideas like
But.
• He is overweight, yet he eats so many chocolates
and biscuits.
• So many questions and yet so few answers.
• Correlative Conjunctions
• These are the paired conjunctions that work
together and join the sentences or words with
equal importance.
• 1] Both…and
• It means that both the items are equally
presented and included.
• For example
• I like both pizza and burger.
• Both my cousin and I are big fan of Virat Kohli
• We can visit both museum and beach
• 2] Either..or
• It indicates the choice between two and only
one can be selected.
• I will either have pizza or burger.
• I will either watch Netflix or Amazon Prime.
• Either you or I will go to the party.
• 3] Neither..nor
• It indicates that no choice is available.
• You can neither eat pizza nor burger.
• Neither you nor I will go to the party.
• I neither have Netflix nor Amazone Prime.
• 4] Not only..but also
• It is similar like both and that both the items are
presented and included.
• Here item after not only is generally expected
but not the item after but also.
• For example
• I not only like pizza but also burger.
• Not only it is raining but it is also supposed to
snow later.
• Not only I but you are also invited.
• I not only like to play football but also cricket.
• 5] Whether..or
• It is used to express doubt or choice between two
possibilities.
• I do not know whether you want to go to Goa or
Manali
• I do not know whether to go to abroad or not.
• Whether you like it or not, you will have to wear
that dress.
• 6] Rather..than
• It is used to give priority to one choice than other.
• I would rather eat pizza than burger.
• I would rather go to the party than staying at home.
• 7] No sooner..than
• It is used when one event occurs immediately after
another.
• No sooner we had arrived at the station than the train
came.
• They had no sooner arrived than they were arguing.
• No sooner they had started walking than the rain started.
• 8] Not…but
• This is rare conjunction.
• You are going not for party but for study.
• 9] Scarcely….when
• This is also rare conjunction.
• I had scarcely gone outside when my mom called and I
went back urgently.
• Subordinating Conjunction
• These type of conjunctions connect an independent clause to
dependent clause in the sentence.
• We can write independent clause alone but not dependent
because it adds an extra information to the sentence.
• 1] After and Before
• It is quit easy . We all know the use of these trwo words.
• After = later than something or some event.
• Before = at first place than something or some event.
• For example
• After he finished his homework, he went to play.
• Do not go to play cricket before you finish your homework.
• I will come after 6pm.
• I will come before 6pm.
• He ran after him.
• I will reach to party before you.
• 2] Though/Although/Even though/In spite of/Despite
• All the three conjunctions can be used to combine contrasting ideas.
• They can be used in three ways.
• At the start of the sentence
• Though I like to play cricket, not in the rainy season.
• Though he is coming today, I do not know at which time.
• At the end of the sentence.
• I have already eaten, thanks though!
• I like to play cricket, not in the rainy season though.
• In place of However and But
• I generally do not drink coffee; though I have had two cups today.

• I can write Although/Even though in place of Though in above mentioned

every sentence.
• In spite of having dinner, he is hungry.
• Despite having dinner, he is hungry.
• Despite he has already eaten, he wants more.
• In spite of raining, he wants to go outside.
• 3] However
• It has two use.
• First = it is used in a same way as
though/although/however
• Nevertheless/Nonetheless can be used in place
of however because it is also a contrasting
conjunction.
• Second = it is used as Whatever Manner
• For example
• Decorate the whole house however you like.
• I do not care however you will do it, but just make
nit possible.
• 4] As
• This conjunction can be used in a different ways.
• First = it is used when one event happens and
another in progress.
• I arrived as they were leaving [like While and
When]
• Second = to connect a result with cause.
• I went to doctor as I was ill. [like Because]
• Third = to talk about identical things.
• I have bought a toy same as you.
• 5] As if/As though
• Both are similar to each other.
• We use these conjunctions to talk about an
imaginary situation that may or may not be true.
• For example
• You are talking as if you are cricket expert.
• You look as if you have seen a ghost.
• You are giving suggestions as though you are a
Prime Minister.
• You are behaving as though you have heard
something scary.
• 6] As long as
• First = it shows the duration of a plan or idea, most
commonly indicating in future.
• We always use simple present tense to show the
future after As long as.
• You can live with me as long as you like.
• As long as you are here, you do not need to worry.
• Second = it shows the condition.
• You can go as long as you promise me not to drive
fast.
• You cannot dance as long as your foot gets better.
• So long as is a similar to as long as but it is informal.
• 7] As soon as/Once
• It is used to show the specific point of time at which
something happened or will happen.
• As soon as I receive the parcel, I will call you.
• Once I get the money, I will pay you.
• 8] Because
• We all know the use of because.
• It is used to show the reason of cause.
• I went to doctor because I was ill. [As]
• 9] By the time
• It means ‘when finally’
• By the time we reached the home, the thief had already
escaped.
• The sun will be setting by the time we reach the home.
• 10] In order to
• It is used to show the purpose of something.
• Always put V1 after TO
• I am doing overtime in order to earn extra money.
• In Negative sense
• I never force my parents in order no to upset them.
• 11] In Case
• It is used to talking about things about which we should
prepare for future possibilities.
• In case I forget the main keys, use the back door.
• Let me take some chips with us in case we are hungry.
• In case of = it indicates ‘when and if something happens’
• in case of fire breakout, press the red button.
• In case of lockdown, kindly stay at home.
• 12] Provided that
• It shows the condition same as we have learnt in
As long as.
• I will reach at your place at 7pm, provided that I
get a taxi.
• Anyone can come on trip, provided that there are
enough seats.
• We may reach to our destination early, provide
that the bus leaves on time everyday.
• 13] If
• There are four conditional sentences to use with this
conjunction.
• Zero Conditional Sentence
• First Conditional Sentence
• Second Conditional Sentence
• Third Conditional Sentence
• Each of the condition expresses different type of
probability that situation will occur or would have
occurred.
• It is completely important to use proper tense with
proper conditional sentence.
• Let’s understand one by one.
• Zero Conditional Sentence
• It indicates the general truth.
• General truth means that one thing always causes
another.
• It does not talk about any specific situation.
• If you do not brush your teeth, you get cavities.
• If you heat gold, it will melt. = Incorrect
• It you heat gold, it melts = Correct
• Here please remember that both the sentence are in
simple present tense.
• A common is to use the simple future tense in zero
conditional sentence.
• Here you can also use WHEN in place of IF.
• First Conditional Sentence
• It expresses the situation in which outcome is likely to
possible not guaranteed.
• If you practice, you will definitely get success.
• Here we use simple present tense with IF clause and present
form of modal auxiliary in main clause.
• It shows that under specific condition the outcome is likely to
happen in the future.
• If you run fast, you will win the race. = Correct
• If you run fast, you win the race. = Incorrect
• In short
• Zero Conditional = simple present + simple present [general
truth, when outcome is sure]
• First Conditional = simple present + present form of modal
auxiliary [when outcome is likely and not sure]
• Second Conditional Sentence
• It is used for expressing the situations that are
unrealistic and will never likely to happen.
• If I got the power, I could save the world.
• If I visited you home, I would get some chocolates.
• Here we have to write simple past tense with IF
clause and past form of modal auxiliaries in main
clause.
• Because past form of MA expresses the unlikelihood
of situation to happen.
• If I got the power, I can save the world. = Incorrect.
• If I got the power, I could save the world. = Correct.
• Simple past + past form of modal auxiliaries
• Third Conditional Sentence
• It is used for expressing that the present situation would
be different, if something different had happened in the
past.
• If you had reached early, you would not have missed the
train.
• If you had worked hard, you could have cracked the exams.
• Here use past perfect tense with if clause and perfect
modal auxiliaries in main clause.
• If I could have worked hard, I had cracked the exams. =
Incorrect
• If I had worked hard, I could have cracked the exams. =
Correct
• Perfect past tense + perfect modal auxiliary
• Exception = Use of Simple Future Tense with IF
clause
• Generally it is used in main clause, but the
exception is :
• When the action in the IF clause will happen
after the action in the main clause.
• At that time we can use simple future tense with
IF clause.
• If this doctor will cure me, I will go to him.
• This is special and very rare case.
• Simple future + simple future
• Use of WERE TO with IF clause.
• It is a special form that is only used with IF clause,
• WERE TO can be used in Present, Past and Future Tense.
• It is used in all tenses to express that the conditional form
is very unlikely and unthinkably horrible.
• Conditional form means sentence with IF clause.
• In Present Tense
• If….were to + verb
• If Ramesh were to be my boss, this job would be horrible.
• It means being Ramesh my boss is a horrible thing for me.
• If I were to have no friends, how would I spend my time.
• That means having no friends is a horrible thing for me.
• In Past Tense
• If…..were to have + V3
• If fire were to have destroyed the building, it would have been a
huge loss for people.
• That means thought of this loss is quit horrible.
• If he were to have failed in his exam, he would not have got the
scholarship.
• That means he is a bright student and it is unlikely that he failed
in exam.
• In Future Tense
• If…….were to + verb
• If I were to lose my job next year, I would not get another.
• It means loosing job is quit horrible.
• If he were to arrive late tonight, it would ruin the surprise.
• That means it is unlikely that he will come late.
• 14] Even if
• It is used when we want to emphasize that the
situation will remain same, no matter what
happens.
• It is quit similar to Even though.
• I will go outside even if it rains.
• That means no matter if it rains or not, I will go
outside.
• Even if we had money, we would not have bought
a big house.
• Rules will be same as IF.
• 15] Only if
• It means action can be done after fulfilling particular
condition.
• You can go outside only if you finish your homework.
• Here condition is to finish the homework.
• He can come with us only if he behaves properly.
• Inversion
• Here if we want to start our sentence with Only if then we
have to change the place of subject and modal auxiliary in
main clause.
• Only if he behaves properly CAN HE come with us.
• Only if you finish your homework CAN YOU go outside.
• Only if I study hard WILL I crack the exams.
• [I will crack the exam only if I study hard.]
• Rules of IF will remain same.
• 16] That
• It introduces the subordinate clause.
• Subordinate means dependent clause ehich we
cannot write alone.
• It is possible that we cannot come early in the
party.
• I was so angry that I could not sleep.
• He said that he could come tomorrow.
• As a subject : That he did not know anything
about it is not an excuse.
• As an Object : he recalled that he had forgotten
the keys in the drawer.
• 17] Unless
• It means ‘except if’
• This conjunction can always be written with
subordinate clause.
• That means we need main clause to complete
the sentence.
• He will not come unless you invite him
• Unless he starts reading, he will not crack the
exam.
• Unless it rains, I will go outside.
• That means I will go outside if it does not rain.
• 18] Since
• As a conjunction it is used to give reason like AS, BECAUSE.
• We have already seen it in preposition.
• Since I do not have vehicle, I will go by taxi.
• 19] Till/Until
• It means up to any event.
• It joins the two clauses.
• We have to wait until the rain stops.
• You are not going out until you finish this.
• Till can be used in same way.
• 20] Otherwise
• It is used after any order or suggestion and expresses the result
that what will happen if you do not follow order or suggestion.
• Let me check it right now otherwise I will forget it later/.
• Please pay the income-tax otherwise department will seal your
shop.
• 21] Wh-Conjunction
• While, When, Whenever, Where, Wherever, Whatever,
Whoever, Whichever, Why, How ….are called Wh-
Conjunctions.
• 1] While
• First = it is used when two events happen at the same
time or when one event happen while other is in
progress.
• I was reading magazine while waiting for my cousin.
• While you are away, I may decorate the room.
• While I was eating, guest came.
• Second = as a contrasting conjunction
• Some people believe in science while some believe in
magic.
• 2] When
• First = It introduces the one event in the middle of another.
• Sometimes we can interchange When and While.
• He was walking back to his home when he heard the noise
of children.
• Second = sometimes it is used as ‘After’
• When you go there, check out different wrist watches for
me.
• 3] Whenever
• It means ‘any time’ or ‘every time’
• I get goose bumps whenever [every time] I think about the
last six 2011 cricket world cup.
• You can come to my house whenever [any time] you want.
• 4] Where
• It means ‘in the place that’.
• Where you find this logo, the library is next to it.
• Where you go to fill the petrol, do not forget to
collect receipt.
• I have hidden money where no one can find it.
• 5] Wherever
• It means ‘at any place’
• No matter wherever you live, you have to clean
your house.
• 6] Whatever, Whichever, Whoever
• When you use these words, it means things or
person does not matter to you.
• Whatever you do, do it carefully.
• It does not matter, whichever you want to buy
just take it.
• Whoever talks behind me, I do not care.
• 7] Why
• It shows ‘for what reason or cause’
• I know my father is going to ask me why I left the
party too soon.
• I do not know why he is not talking to me.
• 8] How
• It expresses a way that something happens or done.
• I do not know how to cook vegetables.
• I do not know how to hack someone’s account.
• Wh-Conjunctions are over here.
• 22] Lest
• It is used in order to prevent something from
happening.
• It is a very rare conjunction.
• I have already brought the proof, lest anyone doubt
my story.
• The police have arrested him, lest he is going to stael a
bunglow.
 Exercise
• Our teacher is kind ……. I like him. [and, because, so]
• She is weak …. she walks fast. [and, or, but]
• Give me my dictionary ….. I shall complain to my teacher
about it. [but, otherwise, and]
• Naresh got good marks ….. he is dull. [though, and, or]
• Help yourself ….. God will not help you. [and, but, otherwise]
• The doctor came …... the patient had died. [after, till, while]
• He was praised for his courage ….. he had saved the life of an
injured person. [so, because, and]
• We went home …… the rain had stopped. [after, but, so]
• Wait …… your turn comes. [when, and, till]
• He fell down ….. he was walking along the sea-shore. [while,
and, before]
• Do not go …… I tell you. [until, before, so]
• I caught the train …….. I had walked very fast. [so, because, but]
• Darshan, do this work …… I shall punish you. [otherwise, till,
after]
• Swetal got first class in B.Sc. ….. he got a good job. [therefore,
because, until]
• We shall get good crops ……. it rains much. [if, unless, until]
• Anand had finished the work ….. the teacher came. [after,
before, but]
• My father is old ….. he is healthy. [but, because, so]
• ….. Hetal …… Kanan was present in the class. [either..or, but,
and]
• The train had left the station ….. we reached there. [when, and,
till]
• Do not stop ….. you get success. [and, if, until]
• The sun was warm …. the wind was cool. [yet, so, nor]
• You will not get success …. you work hard. [because, unless,
yet]
• You will get the prize …… you deserve it. [if, unless, though]
• …….. you say so, I must believe it. [however, why, since]
• He deserved to succeed …….. he worked hard. [for, until, yet]
• I visit the Grand Canyon ….. I go to Arizona. [wherever,
whichever, whenever]
• I could not get a seat …. I came early. [as, though, when]
• We are leaving on Wednesday ….. or not it rains. [if, whether,
though]
• Pay attention to your work ……. you will not make a mistake.
[so, as, if]
• They delivered a great performance …. they had rehearsed
often. [as, if, unless]
• ……… you write it down can you not forget it. [only if, if, yet]
• John smokes ….. his brother does not. [but, unless, if]
• ……. he worked hard, he did not win. [although, so, since]
• The singer sings ….. the children dance. [or, and, if]
• …….. Ramesh …… Mahesh were late for the party. [no sooner…
than, both..and, as soon as]
• Last night there was a power cut …… we were watching TV.
[while, what, why]
• No sooner had we sat down for lunch ….. it started to rain.
[then, than, if]
• You can submit it …….. you want. [whenever, if, yet]
• You will be given full salary …… you are working here. [yet,
hence, as long as]
• You are preparing a meal ……. you are master chef. [as though,
even if, if]