The Digestive System

Part of the energy harvesting systems in

our body
Digestion involves
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical or physical
digestions
4. Chemical digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
The Digestive System
The digestive system of the human body
comprises a group of organs that work
together in converting food into energy
and other basic nutrients to power the
body.

The digestive system of the human body

is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract
also called alimentary canal and
accessory organs.
The Digestive System
The Alimentary Canal
* also called the Gastrointestinal
Tract ( GI) Tract
* continuous coiled, hollow tube
where the whole digestive
processes happen
* it is open in both ends
* about 30 feet long in cadaver
The Digestive System
The Accessory digestive organs
* assist the process of digestive
breakdown in various ways
* include the teeth, tongue,
digestive glands, the liver, gall
bladder and pancreas
The Digestive System
Mouth, also called oral cavity or buccal
cavity
The Parts

Process in the Mouth

1. Mastication
2. Mixing masticated food with Saliva
3. Initiating the swallowing food by the tongue
4. Allowing for the sense of taste.
The Digestive System
The Pharynx
Serves as passage way for air and food.
It is made of a two layered muscles which help
propel food into the esophagus through
peristalsis.
The Digestive System
Layers of the Alimentary
Canal
Mucosa - absorptive and secretory layer
Submucosa - with large blood vessels,
lymphatics, and nerves that supports the
mucosa
Muscularis -responsible for the
segmental contractions and peristaltic
movements in the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract.
Serosa - secretory epithelial layer and a
thin connective tissue layer that reduce
the friction from muscle movements
The Digestive System
The Esophagus
- a muscular tube connecting the
throat (pharynx) with the stomach
- is about 8 inches long, and is lined
by moist pink tissue called mucosa
- The esophagus runs behind the
windpipe (trachea) and heart, and
in front of the spine.
- passes through the diaphragm
The Digestive System
The Stomach
- saclike expansion of the digestive
system, between the esophagus and
the small intestine
- it is located in the anterior portion of
the abdominal cavity in most
vertebrates
- serves as a temporary receptacle for
storage and mechanical distribution of
food before it is passed into the
intestine
The Digestive System
The Stomach
- fundus, an expanded area curving up
above the cardiac opening (the
opening from the stomach into the
esophagus)
- body, or intermediate region, the
central and largest portion
- antrum, the lowermost, somewhat
funnel-shaped portion of the stomach;
- pylorus, a narrowing where the
stomach joins the small intestine.
The Digestive System
The Small Intestines
- a long, narrow, folded or coiled
tube extending from the stomach
to the large intestine
- it is the region where most
digestion and absorption of food
takes place
- It is about 6.7 to 7.6 metres (22
to 25 feet) long, highly
convoluted, and contained in the
central and lower
abdominal cavity
The Digestive System
Three successive regions of the small
intestine
- the duodenum, is adjacent to the
stomach; it is only 23 to 28 cm (9 to 11
inches) long, has the widest diameter,
and is not supported by the mesentery
- the jejunum, in the central section of the
abdomen, comprises about two-fifths of
the remaining tract
- the ileum is located in the lower
abdomen. Its walls are narrower and
thinner than in the previous section
The Digestive System
The Large Intestine
- the final section of the gastrointestinal tract
- absorption of water and electrolytes takes
place
- colonic bacteria complete the process of
chemical digestion
- where faeces are formed from the remains of
food and fluid combined with by-products of
the body
- The large intestine is approximately 1.5m long
and comprises the caecum, colon, rectum, anal
canal and anus
The Digestive System
Parts of the Colon
1. Caecum and appendix - is about 6cm long and
extends downwards into the appendix, a winding
tubular sac containing lymphoid tissue. The
caecum continues the absorption of water and
salts
2. The appendix is thought to be the vestige of a
redundant organ; its narrow and twisted shape
makes it an attractive site for the accumulation
and multiplication of intestinal bacteria.
3. Colon is the longest portion of the large
intestine. The colon has a segmented appearance;
its segments, which are caused by sacculation,
are called haustra.
The Digestive System
Parts of the Colon
4. Rectum forms the final 20cm of the GI tract. It is
continuous with the sigmoid colon and connects
with the anal canal and anus.
5. Anal canal is located in the perineum (outside the
abdominopelvic cavity), is 3.8-5cm long and opens
to the exterior of the body at the anus.
6. The anus is the opening where the
gastrointestinal tract ends and exits the body. The
anus starts at the bottom of the rectum, the last
portion of the colon (large intestine). The anorectal
line separates the anus from the rectum.
Parts of the Colon
4. Rectum forms the final 20cm of the GI tract. It is
continuous with the sigmoid colon and connects
with the anal canal and anus.
5. Anal canal is located in the perineum (outside the
abdominopelvic cavity), is 3.8-5cm long and opens
to the exterior of the body at the anus.
6. The anus is the opening where the
gastrointestinal tract ends and exits the body. The
anus starts at the bottom of the rectum, the last
portion of the colon (large intestine). The anorectal
line separates the anus from the rectum.
The Digestive System
The Accessory Organs
The Teeth
The teeth are the hardest
substances in the human
body. It is essential for
chewing.
A normal adult mouth has
32 teeth
Function?
The Digestive System
The Accessory Organs
The Pancreas
The pancreas is about 6
inches long and sits across
the back of the abdomen,
behind the stomach.
The Digestive System
The Accessory Organs
The Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a small
pouch that sits just under
the liver. The gallbladder
stores bile produced by the
liver. After meals, the
gallbladder is empty and
flat, like a deflated balloon.
Before a meal, the
gallbladder may be full of
bile and about the size of a
small pear.
The Digestive System
The Accessory Organs
The Liver
The liver is a large, meaty
organ that sits on the right
side of the belly. Weighing
about 3 pounds, the liver is
reddish-brown in color and
feels rubbery to the touch.
The Digestive System
The Digestive System
Digestion involves
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical or physical
digestion
4. Chemical digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
 The Digestive System
Asynchronous Activity
Answer the following questions comprehensively
1. If your stomach has to be removed surgically because of cancer, will
you survive? If no, defend your answer comprehensively. If Yes, why
and how will you adjust to facilitate and maximize both digestion and
absorption?
2. Read and write atleast 3 new learnings from this article
comprehensively. You may write more if you want to have additional
score. What information brought anxiety to you and why? What
precautionary measure would you like to impose on your own family to
protect them from the infection of COVID 19 and from anything that
could harm the system in bullet format.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7273952/
The Digestive System

THANK YOU AND HAPPY EATING!