PARTS OF SPEECH

• What is parts of speech?

The parts of speech indicate how a word
functions in meaning as well as grammatically
with in the sentence.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
PARTS OF SPEECH
There are 8 kinds of words in English and they are,
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Pronoun
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
 NOUN

Explanation:
A noun is the name of a person, place or thing.

Examples:
Ram, girl, teacher, box, Korea, anger, key, doll,
park, hen, army, mangoes, star, wood…
 NOUNS

Concrete Abstract Noun of Noun of

Oddities
Noun Noun numbers genders
 (A.) CONCRETE NOUNS
Explanation:
Concrete nouns
denote things which Proper noun
exist physically, things
which we can see and
touch. Common noun

Examples:
Collective noun
cat, chair, boy, iron,
Prema….
Material noun
 PROPER NOUN

Explanation:
Proper nouns denote the name by which a
particular person, place or thing is known. Names of
days and months are also known as proper nouns.
Examples:
Gandhi, Chennai, Friday, Bible, India, May,
Krishna,…
Note: A capital letter at the beginning.
 COMMON NOUN

Explanation:
A common noun denotes the name of a class or
kind of persons, places, or things.
Examples:
woman, boy, king, queen, town, dog, tree, light,
son,…
 COLLECTIVE NOUN

Explanation:
A noun that denotes a group of persons,
places or things is called a collective noun.

Examples:
army, herd, team, crowd, flock, gang,
bunch, committee, nation,…
 MATERIAL NOUN

Explanation:
Nouns which give the names of materials
or substances, by which the things are made, are
called material nouns.

Examples:
iron, clay, cement, gold, wool, cotton,
wood, paper,…
 (B.) ABSTRACT NOUN

Explanation:
An abstract noun denotes something that
we cannot perceive with our 5 senses. (can only
think of/feel it, cannot see or touch)
Examples:
love, enmity, friendship, motherhood,
punishment, sorrow, happy, sleep,…
Explanation: (C.) NOUN OF NUMBERS
A noun which
deals with the
numeric count of Countable noun
persons, places or
things is called as
noun of numbers. It Uncountable noun
can be classified as
countable noun and
uncountable noun.
Examples:
An apple, two
girls, fifty students, air,
water, soil,…
 COUNTABLE NOUN

• Countable nouns can be counted.

E.g. man, boy, girl, room, pen, book, cot,
country, city, apple, carrot, tree, fan,
train,…
• Countable nouns can be singular or plural.
Singular = one ; Plural = more than one.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Mango Mangoes
Man Men
Pen Pens
Book Books
Child Children
Baby Babies
Tree Trees
Question Questions
Boy Boys
Table Tables
Glass Glasses
Church Churches
Valley Valleys
monkey monkeys
 UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

• Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. E.g.

Salt Education Energy Meat Motivation

Soil Driving Enjoyment Love Mustard

Water Darkness Failure Laughter Nature

Advice Danger Faith Knowledge Patience

Aggression Confidence Fame Intelligence Peace

Beauty Cake Grief Humour Pride

Beef Butter Guilt Help Tea

Bravery Bread Harm Happiness Wisdom

 (D.) NOUN OF GENDERS
Explanation:
A noun that deals
with genders is called as
Masculine gender
noun of genders.

Examples: Feminine gender

man, bull, woman,
cow, child, stone…
Common gender

Neuter gender
• Masculine Gender: Nouns denoting male persons or
animals. E.g. boy, man, king, bull,..

• Feminine Gender: Nouns denoting female persons or

animals. E.g. girl, woman, queen,..

• Common Gender: Nouns which denote either a male

or female. E.g. parent, child, servant,..

• Neuter Gender: Nouns that denote lifeless things.

E.g. pen, book, rock, happiness,..
 NOUN OF GENDERS
MASCULINE FEMININE COMMON NEUTER
Brother Sister Birds Table
Gentleman Lady Child Chair
Master Mistress Baby Wall
Husband Wife Student Pen
Wizard Witch Teacher Car
Lion Lioness Eagle Book
Jew Jewess Doctor Computer
Host Hostess Friend Telephone
Poet Poetess Orphan Building
Drone Bee Strange Road
 (E.) ODDITIES (Cases)

Subjective case

Objective case

ODDITIES Dative case

Possessive case

Vocative case
 SUBJECTIVE CASE
• A noun is used as the subject in the subjective
case. (One who do the action).
• E.g. Bama drives a car.
Suzan is writing a short story.
She kicked the ball.
Jack will sing the song.
He will guide you.
 OBJECTIVE CASE
• A noun is used as the object in the objective
case. (The action has done on what or whom)
• E.g. Bama drives a car.
Suzan is writing a short story.
She kicked the ball.
Jack will sing the song.
He will guide you.
 DATIVE CASE
• A noun which plays the role of an indirect
object in a sentence is called as dative case.
• E.g. I gave Sam a pen.
Raghul brought him a pencil.
John bought Mary a ring.
I read her a letter.
The teacher gave some homework to
Mani.
 POSSESSIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE CASE

’s ’ of
form form form
 POSSESSIVE CASE
• The form of the noun is used to show
ownership in the possessive case.
[1.] Possessive case is formed by adding
apostrophe + S = (’S) to the noun.
E.g. John’s book.
Mercy’s car. ’s
form
Mary’s dog.
Sun’s heat.
 ’
form

[2.] Possessive case is formed by adding

only an apostrophe (’) with nouns ending and
nouns with too many hissing sounds.
E.g. boys’ school birds’ chicks
Moses’ lawscars’ engines
monks’ temple sisters’ room
snakes’ eggs Chris’ pen
girls’ hostel cows’ care centre
 of
form

[3.] Possessive case is formed by using of

when the possessor is a person, place or a thing.
E.g. The leg of the table.
The roof of the house.
Army of India.
Man of the match.
Books of the author.
 VOCATIVE CASE
• A noun is used to address a person / thing in
vocative case. (like direct speech).
• E.g. “Come here, my son.”
“O Death, where is your sting? ”
“You there, come over here.”
“Uncle, there is a gift for you.”
“I know your sister, John.”
 ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that qualifies/

describes a noun. It adds to the meaning of the
noun. Generally in answers the question ‘how’.
E.g. good, bad, high, low, beautiful, ugly…

Adjectives are of different kinds. The

followings are the important kinds of adjectives.
 PROPER

8 POSSESSIVE QUALITY

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES QUANTITY

DISTRIBUTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE
NUMBER
 8

IN D2 P2 Q2
 PROPER ADJECTIVES
• They show the nationality of someone or
something.
E.g. Indian, Russian, American, Japanese…
Indian art,
Russian writer,
Chinese dance,
Korean drama…
 ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY
• They show the quality, kind or condition of the
noun. They are also called descriptive
adjectives.
• E.g. big country, beautiful flower, small boy…
Ramu is a tall man.
Kashmir is a beautiful place.
An angry woman shouted at us.
Kamala is a playful child.
 ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY
• They deals with the measurements & counts.
They answer the question ‘How much’.
• Some, much, little, enough, sufficient, all,
whole, no, none, any…
E.g. There is a little milk in the cup.
There is no truth in your argument.
He spent all the money.
The whole place was filled with smoke.
 ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER
• They similar to the adjectives of quantity with slight
differences.
• They answer the question ‘how many’ or show the
order of things in a series.
• One, two, three, first, fifteenth, all, few, many,
several…
E.g. I have two sisters.
All the boys are in ‘A’ group.
The third boy in the second row is my cousin.
 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
• Demonstrative adjectives point out or specify
the nouns. The nouns they point out come
immediately after the adjectives.

Singular: this, that, a, an, one, another…

Plural : these, those, other…
Common: the, the other, such, any, any other…
 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

E.g. () This box, that boy, a bike, an eye, one nib,

another person…
() These books, those people, other
costumes...
() ADJECTIVE WORDS SINGULAR PLURAL
The The dog The dogs
Such Such a king Such kings
Any Any man can do this
Any other He has not missed any other books
 DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
• These adjectives point out one from two or
more. Here too the nouns they qualify come
immediately after the adjectives.
• Each, every, either, neither.
E.g. Each member has one vote.
Every country has different cultures.
Either country can stop the war.
Neither student has finished the homework.
 INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
• These adjectives introduce questions.
• Noun comes after the question word.
• Which, what, whose…
E.g. Which book?
What sort?
Whose pen is this?
 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES
• These adjectives show possession (Ownership)
• E.g. This is my bag.
This is our college.
That is your pen.
This is your village.
His parents are came.
Her umbrella is on the table.
The cat sleeps on its master’s lap.
Their books are on the shelf.
 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
• The possessive adjectives are,
Person I II III
person Person Person

Singular My Your His

Her
Its

Plural Our Your Their

 ARTICLES
• Indefinite Article : a, an
• Definite Article : the An
• Articles are mostly same as demonstrative
adjectives.
• “An” is used before a singular noun beginning
with a sound.
• a, e, i, o, u.
 ARTICLES
an apple
an MLA
an orange
an hour
an elephant
an M.A.,
an umbrella
 ARTICLES
a doctor
a lawyer a
a phone
a temple
a girl
a book
a gift
 ARTICLES
EXCEPTIONS

a university
a one-eyed man
a union
a European
a one rupee-note
 ARTICLES
The sun
The poor The
The American
The Cauvery
The Bible
The best
The second prize…
 Usage of ‘The’
1. Before a singular/ plural noun already
referred to,
E.g.
Yesterday, I saw a cow in the grass field. I
threw a stone on that, but the cow did not
respond it.
 Usage of ‘The’
2. Before the names of bays, gulfs, rivers,
seas,oceans, group of islands, mountain ranges,
ships and deserts.
E.g. the Bay of Bengal, the Atlantic, the
Philippines, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea,
the Himalayas, the Cauvery, the Sahara, the
Titanic….
 Usage of ‘The’
3. Before the names of some provinces and
countries,

E.g.
the Punjab, the Deccan, the Carnatic, the
U.K., the U.S.A.
 Usage of ‘The’
4. Before the names of famous books

E.g. the Thirukkural, the Ramayana, the Bible,

the Koran, the Vedas…
 Usage of ‘The’
5. Before the names of unique things.
E.g. the earth, the moon, the world, the sun, the sky,
the universe.

6. Before a singular noun used to represent a

class
E. g. The bird is flying in the sky.
The phone is ringing.
 Usage of ‘The’
7. Before the superlative degree of an adjective.
E.g. Marlowe is the tallest boy in our class.
Bill Gates is the richest person in the world.
Water from the river, Ganga is worshipped
as the holiest one.
 Usage of ‘The’
8. Before the comparative form used with ‘of the
two’.
E.g.
The taller of the two.
The stronger of the two.
He is the smarter of the two to do this job.
It is the better choice of the two.
 Usage of ‘The’
9. Before the adjective of quality used as noun.
E.g.
The poor suffers.
Mother is the beauty of the family.
The love is God.
 Usage of ‘The’
10. Before ordinals like first, second, third…
E.g.
Sheela got the first prize.
Harris holds the 14th rank in the university
examination.
Norma is the third child of three.
 Usage of ‘The’
11. Comparative forms like below.
E.g.
The more he earned, the more he spent.
 Avoid ‘The’
1. Before proper nouns.
E.g.
Mahesh lives in Coimbatore.
My friend’s name is Kevin.
I like my dog.
She missed her bus.
Child wants to go her mom’s home.
 Avoid ‘The’
2. Before the names of months and days.
E.g.
The school opens in October.
India got freedom in August 15th, 1947.
We will meet on next Monday.
On coming Saturday, the company may be
credit our salary.
 Avoid ‘The’
3. Before the names of languages.
E.g.
We speak Tamil.
They speak English.
My mother tongue is Telugu.
Badugu language has no written form.
Hindi is the national language of our
country.
 Avoid ‘The’
4. Before man, men, woman, women (used in a
general sense).
E.g.
Men and women are equal in this society.
Man makes laws, woman makes manners.
 Avoid ‘The’
5. Before the names of Meals.
E.g. Breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, brunch,
porridge.
Breakfast is ready.
I have my lunch at 12:30 P.M.
They invited us for dinner tonight.
“Ok, it’s time to have brunch.”
Today I had my supper with my parents.
 Avoid ‘The’
6. Before the material nouns.
E.g.
Aluminum is a useful metal.
We cannot use pure gold.
Iron is used in all the fields.
Manchester is famous for cotton.
Papirus is the old name for paper.
 Avoid ‘The’
7. Before the names of time like… (in general
sense)
E.g. day, night, morning, evening, dawn, dusk…
He works from dawn to dusk.
We cannot see the stars in the day time.
Every morning is a fresh beginning.
Owls start to hunt their prey in night time.
 Avoid ‘The’
8. Before the word ‘most’.
E.g.
Most people are migrating toward cities.
Most students are intelligent in our class.
 Avoid ‘The’
9. Before the word ‘home’ (in general sense).
E.g.
They went home.
She arrived home.
We returned home.
He hurried home.
 Avoid ‘The’
10. Before the abstract noun (in general sense).
E.g.
Wisdom is the best kind of riches.
Knowledge is power.
Love is God.
Honesty is the best policy.
Idiom & Phrases