Electricity and Circuit

PRESENTED BY
ANSHUMAN KUMAR TRIVEDI
T. G . T. S C I E N C E
J. N . V. , C H I R A N G , A S S A M
 OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON:-

THE STUDENTS WILL KNOW ABOUT ELECTRIC

CELL AND ITS USES.
THE STUDENTS WILL KNOW ABOUT ELECTRIC
BULB, WIRE ,ELECTRIC SWITCH AND ITS
WORKING
THE STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO KNOW
ABOUT CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS AND
THEIR USES.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES:-

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:

LIST THE USE OF ELECTRICITY
USING DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF
CELL,WIRE AND BULB AND SHOW HOW AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PRODUCED
EXPLAIN THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
OF a)Electric Bulb
b)Electric Torch
 INTRODUCTION

●The study and using of electricity is relatively

new. Scientists only began understanding
electricity in the late 1800s.
● Scientists first believed electricity was cause
& by two fluids in an object.
● They now know that it is not fluid, but positive and
negative charges of an electrical energy in an
object.
 ELECTRICITY
(It is flow of an electric current)
↓
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Flows Carried Stopped
around by by

ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS
CIRCUIT INSULATORS
Components of an Electric Circuits:
 Electric Cell

Electric cell is a source of electricity.

Production of electricity in cell : An electric cell
produces a small amount of electricity from
chemicals stored inside it. When the chemicals in
the electric cells are used up, the electric cells stop
producing electricity.
Terminal: All types of electric cells have two
terminals, a positive terminal and a negative
terminal. In a day cell used in our homes, the central
carbon rod is the positive(+) terminal and the zinc
contained is the negative(-)terminal
 Continued..

Battery: When two or more cells are joined

together, the combination is called a battery.
-ve
+ve

Two electric cells joined together

-ve +ve
Types of Terminals:

All types of electric cells

have two terminals, a
positive terminal (+ve) and
a negative terminal (-ve).
In a dry cell used in your
homes, the central carbon
rod is the positive terminal
(+) and the zinc contained
is the negative (-)
terminal.
 Bulb

Bulb : We get light from a thin tiny wire inside the glass
cover. This is called filament. It is supported by two thicker
wires, as shown in Fig. One of these thick wires is
connected to the metal casing around the base of the bulb.
The other is connected to the metal tip of the base. The
base of the bulb and the metal tip of the base are the two
terminals are fixed in such a way that they do not touch
each other.

The inside portion of the bulb is filled up with inert gases,

like argon.
 An Electric Circuit

Circuit: The complete path, from one terminal of

the electrical cell through the bulb and back to the
other terminal of the electric cell, is called a circuit.
Open circuit: If there is any gap in the path of a
circuit, the bulb does not light up. Such a circuit is
called an open circuit.
 Closed circuit: The bulb lights up when bulb and
wire from a complete path, which starts at one
terminal of electric cell and ends at the other
terminal. Such a circuit is known as closed circuit.
 Types of Circuit
Open Circuit Closed Circuit
Connecting wire No source
is missing of electrical Electric
energy Connecting Cell
Wires

light bulb
 Flow of current in circuit

The path from one terminal of electric cell to the

other is completed, an electric current starts flowing
through the circuit and the bulb lights up. The
electric current flows from the positive terminal of
the electric cell to its negative terminal.
 Continued…..

In the bulb, current enters through one terminals,

flows through the filament inside the bulb and comes
out through the other terminal of the bulb. When the
current flows through the filament, it starts glowing.

Fused bulb: If the filament of the bulb is broken,

the circuit is not completed and hence the current
cannot flow. The bulb with broken filament is called
a fused bulb. When a bulb gets, fused, it does not
light up.
 Electric Conductors and Insulators

Conductors:
Materials through which electric current can flow are
called conductors.
Most metals are conductors.
Our body is also a good conductor.
Insulators:
Materials, through which the electric current cannot
pass ,are called insulators.
Insulators are the bad conductors of electricity.
Rubber and wood are insulators.
 Conduction tester

It is a simple device to test whether a material is a

conductor or insulator.
 Contned..

Filament: The thin wire that gives off light is called

the filament of the bulb.
Dry Cell: A dry cell is usually made of metallic
cylinder. It has a flat base and a metallic cap on top.
The metallic cap on top is the positive (+) end of the
cell. The flat base is the negative (-) end of the cell. A
cell usually produces 1.5 V of current.
Bulb : An electric bulb is a device which glows and
emits light, when electric current is passed through
it.
 Electric current

Most of the devices and machines we use like an

electric icon, oven, room heater, refrigerator, ceiling
fan or an electric bulb work when an electric current
flows through them.
Source of Electric current:
A device that can be used to produce an electric
current is called a source of electric current.
Common sources of electric current are cells and
batteries (collection of cells) which comes in various
shapes and sizes(Fig. 14.2),and electric current that
we get from plug points in houses.
 Different source of electric current

Different types of cells and batteries

 Flow of Electric Current

Three basic conditions are required for an electric

current to flow.
A device used to produce an electric current like cell,
battery ,or a plug point acting as a source.
A wire made of a metal like copper, silver, or
aluminium , which will allow electric current to flow
through easily.
An unbroken loop(of the wire) running from one
terminal of the source, through various appliances,
Back to the other terminal of the source.
Conditions needed for an electric current to flow
 Electric Switch

Electric switch: Electric switch is a simple device

that either breaks the circuit or completes it to stop
the flow of current.
When the switch completes the circuit, it is called
switch.
When the switch breaks the circuit, it is called open
switch.
 Electric Switch

We use electric switches….to put on or off the electrical

devices and machines. But do you know how it works?

An electric switch is a device that is used to open or

close an electric circuit.
 Torch
A torch is made up of a
cylindrical or cubical casing. The
casing can be metallic or non-
metallic. The cells are kept inside
the casing. The bottom of the
casing has a spring which is
attached to the metallic wire. The
spring helps in keeping the cells
snugly fit in place. The metallic
wire is attached to a switch. The
switch is then attached to the
negative terminal of the holder.
The positive end of the holder
touches the positive terminal of
the cell at top. The bulb fits inside
the holder.
 Fill in the blanks:

A device that is used to break an electric

circuit is called ………………….

Answer: Electric switch

An electric cell has ………….terminals.

Answer: Two
 Mark ‘True’ or ‘false’ for following
statements:
Electric current can flow through metals.

Answer: True
Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be
used to make circuit.

Answer: False
Electric current can pass through a sheet of
thermocol.

Answer: False
 Answer the following questions

Explain why the bulb would not glow in the

arrangement shown in the given figure?
Answer: The following reasons are possible:
The connections may be loose.
The bulb may have fused.
The energy of cell may have sapped.
 Answer the following questions

Complete the drawing shown in the given figure to

indicate where the free ends of the two wires should be
joined to make the bulb glow.

Answer:
 Answer the following questions

 What is the purpose of using an electric switch? Name

some electrical gadgets that have switched built into
them.
Answer: An electric switch helps us in making or breaking the
electric circuit as and when required. It helps in saving electricity
and in prolonging the life of an electric cell. Table fan, transistor,
mixer-grinder, television, etc. are some gadgets which have
inbuilt electrical switches.
 Would the bulb glow after completing the circuit in
figure if instead of safety pin we use an eraser?
Answer: If an eraser is used instead of a safety pin to complete the
circuit, the bulb would not glow. Eraser is an insulator and hence
it would not allow electric circuit to become complete.
 Answer the following questions

Would the bulb glow in circuit shown in the

given figure?

Answer: No, because both the wires are attached to

the negative pole of the bulb.
 Answer the following questions

 Using the “conduction tester” on an object is was found that the bulb
begins to glow. Is that object a conductor or an insulator? Explain.
Answer: The object is a conductor which is proved by electric circuit becoming
complete.
 Why should an electrician use rubber gloves while repairing an
electric switch at your home? Explain.
Answer: Rubber is an insulator and thus does not allow electric current to pass
through it. When an electrician repairs an electric switch, he may get electric
shock because leakage in electric current. Rubber gloves prevent him from getting
electric shock. Hence, an electrician wears rubber gloves while repairing
something.
 The handles of the tools like screwdrivers and pliers used by
electricians for repair work usually have plastic or rubber covers on
them. Can you explain why?
Answer: Plastic is an insulator. The plastic handles on screwdrivers and pliers;
used by electricians; help in preventing accidental electric shock.