Universitas Gadjah Mada

Departemen Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan

Prodi Sarjana Teknik Sipil
Mg. ke-01

Fisika Mekanika

01 Gaya
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• Pengertian Gaya
• Resultan Gaya-gaya (Concurent & Non-Concurent)
1
• Penguraian Gaya (Paralelogram Gaya)
 Universitas Gadjah Mada
Departemen Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan
Prodi Sarjana Teknik Sipil
Mg. ke-01

Baca materi terkait dalam buku berikut ini:

1. Structural and Stress Analysis, 3rd Ed. (Megson, 2014)

Chap. 2
Fisika Mekanika

2. Statics and Mechanics of Materials, 4th Ed. (Hibbeler, 2014)

Chap. 2
2
 Aplikasi Mekanika untuk Desain Struktur

Gambar 2. Struktur bendungan. (Sumber: Gambar 4. Struktur jembatan (Sumber:

https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/china-three-gorges-dam-intl- https://sipil.fatek.unpatti.ac.id/2017/04/jembatan-suramadu-
hnk-dst/index.html) simbol-estetika-keilmuan-teknik-sipil/)

Gambar 1. Struktur gedung. (Sumber: Gambar 3. Struktur dermaga. Gambar 5. Apron (Sumber: https://www.airplane-
https://www.concreteconstruction.net/projects/commercial-industrial/the-burj- (Sumberhttps://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2020/11/12/terminal- pictures.net/photo/31271/airport-overview-airport-overview-
dubai_o) kijing-miliki-jembatan-penghubung-terpanjang-di-indonesia) apron/)
 FORCE

All bodies possess mass which is usually measured in kilograms (kg).

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The mass of a body is a measure of the quantity of matter in the body.

This means that a steel beam, for example, having a given weight (the
force due to gravity) on earth would weigh approximately six times
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less on the moon although its mass would be exactly the same.
We have seen that force is associated with acceleration and Newton’s
Second Law of Motion tells us that
4
Force = Mass x Acceleration  F = m a
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Contoh Percepatan
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Contoh Perlambatan
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Fisika Mekanika Nov 22, 2023
????
 FORCE
Gravity, which is the pull of the earth on a body, is measured by the
acceleration it imparts when a body falls; this is taken as 9.81 m/s2
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and is given the symbol g. It follows that the force exerted by gravity
on a mass of 1 kg is force = 1 x 9.81 N.
The Newton (N) is defined as the force required to produce an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a mass of 1 kg, which means that it would
require a force of 9.81 N to produce an acceleration of 9.81 m/s 2 in a
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mass of 1 kg, i.e. the gravitational force exerted by a mass of 1 kg is

9.81 N.

8
Frequently, in everyday usage, mass is taken to mean the weight of a
body in kg.
 FORCE
Force caused by Earthquake
Gravitational Force
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(e.g. self weight of the structure & user) m8

M Massa Struktur Atas: M

m7

m6

m5

m4

Berat sendiri kolom,

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balok & truk Fi m3 Massa tiap lantai: mi

m2

Gaya dr berat masing2 m1

F=m.a
dengan a = g
a

9 Percepatan hors. tanah (a) t

akibat getaran gempa bumi
 FORCE
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A F B

 vector
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 specified by: its magnitude, direction and position

(AB) () (A)

Notation: F (bold print, cetak tebal) or F

10
 FORCE

Concurrent Forces:
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a system of forces in which its worklines intersect at one point

z F2 F1
x

y
F3
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Coplanar forces:
a system of forces work in a plane

11 Plane
 FORCE
Plan View of Cube on horizontal surface:
Direction
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of motion
Direction
of motion
B

F1 F1
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A
F1 and F2 (also R) are in horizontal
plane and their lines of action pass
through the centre of gravity of the cube. F2
R
12
The effect of the force R on the cube would be the same whether it was applied at F2
the point A or at the point B (so long as the cube is rigid). Thus a force may be
R is resultant of
considered to be applied at any point on its line of action, a principle known as the
F1 and F2.
transmissibility of a force.
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FORCE
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FORCE
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Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
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Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
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Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
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Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
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Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR OPERATION
F1 and F2 are concurrent and coplanar forces
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F1 R is resultant of F1 and F2
R

in vector notation: R = F1 + F2
a) q)
O F2 Magnitude & direction of R can
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be obtained graphically or
analytically.
Graphical Methods are as shown before:
20
- Paralelogram Law
- Traingle Rule
 VECTOR OPERATION

Graphical Method: By scaling, drawing & measuring

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Example:
N
0k
=3

1. Scale: 1 cm = 10 kN
1
F

) a = 60
O F2 = 50 kN 2. Drawing:
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2a. Paralelogram Law 2b. Triangle Rule

R R
1
F

1
F
21 a = 60
) q) F2 q) F2 )a = 60
 VECTOR OPERATION

Graphical Method: By scaling, drawing & measuring

Mg. ke-01

2a. Paralelogram Law 2b. Triangle Rule

R R
1
F

1
F
a = 60
q) q) )a = 60
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) F2 F2

3. Measuring:
R  measured: 7 cm  R = 7 x 10 = 70 kN
22

q  measured: 22
 VECTOR OPERATION

Analitical Method:
R is resultant of F1 and F2.
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R
𝑹 2=( 𝑭 2 + 𝑭 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼 )2❑ + ( 𝑭 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼 ) 2

F1

F1 Sin a
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑹 = 𝑭 2+ 𝑭 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼+ 2 𝑭 2 𝑭 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼+ 𝑭 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼

q) a) 𝑹 2= 𝑭 22+ 𝑭 21 ( 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 𝛼 +𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 ) +2 𝑭 2 𝑭 1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼

O F2
𝑹❑=√ 𝑭 21+ 𝑭 22 +2 𝑭 1 𝑭 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
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F1 Cos a

or:
2 2
R  F  F  2 F 1 F 2 cos 
1 2

23 F 1 sin 
  arctan
F 2  F 1 cos 
 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
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R
N
0k
=3
1
F

a = 60
) q)
O F2 = 50 kN
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2 2
R  F  F  2 F 1 F 2 cos  = (302 + 502 + 2*30*50*Cos 60o) = 70 kN
1 2

F 1 sin  =
  arctan = 21,787
24 F 2  F 1 cos 
 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
Mg. ke-01

R = 23.2 kN
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26
Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR OPERATION

F1, F2, F3 and F4 are concurrent and coplanar forces.

Mg. ke-01

y
R = F 1 + F2 + F3 + F4
F2

F3 R is the resultant of F1, F2,

R
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F3 and F4.
)
b
) a ) x
g O F1 The value and direction of
R may be found
27 F4 graphically or analytically.
The analytical method will be discussed later !
 VECTOR OPERATION

F1, F2, F3 and F4 are concurrent and coplanar forces.

Mg. ke-01

Graphical Solution

y
F2 R1

F3
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)
)b a ) x
g O F1

28 F4 Step 1: Paralelogram F1 & F2  R1

 VECTOR OPERATION

F1, F2, F3 and F4 are concurrent and coplanar forces.

Mg. ke-01

Graphical Solution
R2
y
F2 R1

F3
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)
)b a ) x
g O F1

29 F4 Step 2: Paralelogram R1 & F3  R2

 VECTOR OPERATION

F1, F2, F3 and F4 are concurrent and coplanar forces.

Mg. ke-01

Graphical Solution
R2
y
F2 R1

F3
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)
)b a ) R
x
g O F1

30 F4 Step 3: Paralelogram R2 & F4  R

 VECTOR OPERATION
RESULTANT OF NON-CONCURRENT FORCES
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Graphical Solution
F2
F1
I1 E

F2
F1 B
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A
R12
F3
R123=R

C F
I2
31
The analytical method will be discussed later ! F3
32
Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR OPERATION

A force R can be replaced by or resolve in two force F1 and F2.

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F1 and F2 may therefore be regarded as the components of R

in the directions OA and OB.

A
F1
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R
) q)
a
O F2 B

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 VECTOR OPERATION

Of the interest in structural analysis is the resolution of a force into

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two components at right angles to each other  a = 90°

Then: F1 = R Sin q and

F2 = R Cos q
F1 = R Sin q
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R
a = 90 ) q) F2 = R Cos q

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Fisika Mekanika Mg. ke-01
VECTOR OPERATION
 VECTOR OPERATION
Mg. ke-01

or

and
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or

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 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
The Roller-support reaction can be resolved in two its component:
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horizontal & vertical components

Horizontal Component

FH = 1/10 * F

FV = 3/10 * F
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Vertical Component
1

3 F
10

F
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 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:

om
bo
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1) Resolving F1 = 200 N
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 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
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2) Resolving F2 = 260 N
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 VECTOR OPERATION
Fx = F2x - F1x = 240 – 100 = 140 N
Example:
Fy = F1y – F2y = 173 – 100 = 73 N
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3) Determine the x & y resultant

y y

F1y = 173 N

Fy = 73 N
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F1x = 100 N F2x = 240 N

x x
Fx = 140 N
F2y = 100 N

40
 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
Mg. ke-01
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41
 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
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 VECTOR OPERATION
Example:
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= 629 N

= 67.9
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 Analytical Solution:
y
Mg. ke-01

F2
Find analytically the resultant
F3 force of F1, F2, F3, F4.

)
)b a ) x
g O F1
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F4

44
 Analytical Solution: Solution steps:
1. Each force to be resolved into
y its x & y component:
Mg. ke-01

F2
F1  F1x = F1 cos(0) = F1 →

F2 sin(a)
F1y = F1 sin(0) = 0

F3 sin(b)
F3

F4 cos(g)
)
)b a ) x
F2  F2x = F2 cos(a) →
F2y = F2 sin(a) ↑
F3 cos(b) g O F2 cos(a)
F1
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F3  F3x = F3 cos(b) ←
F4 sin(g)

F4 F3y = F3 sin(b) ↑

F4  F4x = F4 cos(g) ←
F4y = F4 sin(g) ↓
45
 Analytical Solution: Solution steps:
2. Summing the x & y component:
y
Mg. ke-01

F1  F1x = F1 cos(0) = F1 →

F2 sin(a)
F1y = F1 sin(0) = 0

F4 cos(g) F3 sin(b) F2  F2x = F2 cos(a) →

F3 cos(b)
x F2y = F2 sin(a) ↑
O F2 cos(a)
F1
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F3  F3x = F3 cos(b) ←
F4 sin(g)

F3y = F3 sin(b) ↑

F4  F4x = F4 cos(g) ←
SFx = F1 + F2 cos(a) ̶ F3 cos(b) ̶ F4 cos(g) F4y = F4 sin(g) ↓
46
SFy = 0 + F2 sin(a) + F3 sin(b) ̶ F4 sin(g)
 Analytical Solution: Solution steps:
3. Calculate R
y
General Formula:
Mg. ke-01

2 2
R  F  F  2 F 1 F 2 cos 
1 2
SFy R
F 1 sin 
  arctan
q) x F 2  F 1 cos 
O SFx
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2 2
R  F  F  2 F x F y cos 90
x y

F y sin 90
  arctan
SFx = F1 + F2 cos(a) ̶ F3 cos(b) ̶ F4 cos(g) F x  F y cos 90
47
SFy = 0 + F2 sin(a) + F3 sin(b) ̶ F4 sin(g)
 VECTOR OPERATION
Exercise:
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48
 VECTOR OPERATION
Exercise:
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49
 VECTOR OPERATION
Exercise:
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kN kN
kN
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50
 VECTOR OPERATION
Exercise:
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51
 VECTOR OPERATION
Exercise:
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